tjh.dev/kernel at 9969e3c5f40c166e3396acc36c34f9de502929f6

Spectre v4 gadgets make use of memory disambiguation, which is a set of
techniques that execute memory access instructions, that is, loads and
stores, out of program order; Intel's optimization manual, section 2.4.4.5:

A load instruction micro-op may depend on a preceding store. Many
microarchitectures block loads until all preceding store addresses are
known. The memory disambiguator predicts which loads will not depend on
any previous stores. When the disambiguator predicts that a load does
not have such a dependency, the load takes its data from the L1 data
cache. Eventually, the prediction is verified. If an actual conflict is
detected, the load and all succeeding instructions are re-executed.

af86ca4e3088 ("bpf: Prevent memory disambiguation attack") tried to mitigate
this attack by sanitizing the memory locations through preemptive "fast"
(low latency) stores of zero prior to the actual "slow" (high latency) store
of a pointer value such that upon dependency misprediction the CPU then
speculatively executes the load of the pointer value and retrieves the zero
value instead of the attacker controlled scalar value previously stored at
that location, meaning, subsequent access in the speculative domain is then
redirected to the "zero page".

The sanitized preemptive store of zero prior to the actual "slow" store is
done through a simple ST instruction based on r10 (frame pointer) with
relative offset to the stack location that the verifier has been tracking
on the original used register for STX, which does not have to be r10. Thus,
there are no memory dependencies for this store, since it's only using r10
and immediate constant of zero; hence af86ca4e3088 /assumed/ a low latency
operation.

However, a recent attack demonstrated that this mitigation is not sufficient
since the preemptive store of zero could also be turned into a "slow" store
and is thus bypassed as well:

[...]
// r2 = oob address (e.g. scalar)
// r7 = pointer to map value
31: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r2
// r9 will remain "fast" register, r10 will become "slow" register below
32: (bf) r9 = r10
// JIT maps BPF reg to x86 reg:
// r9 -> r15 (callee saved)
// r10 -> rbp
// train store forward prediction to break dependency link between both r9
// and r10 by evicting them from the predictor's LRU table.
33: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r7 +24576)
34: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29696) = r0
35: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r7 +24580)
36: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29700) = r0
37: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r7 +24584)
38: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29704) = r0
39: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r7 +24588)
40: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29708) = r0
[...]
543: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r7 +25596)
544: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +30716) = r0
// prepare call to bpf_ringbuf_output() helper. the latter will cause rbp
// to spill to stack memory while r13/r14/r15 (all callee saved regs) remain
// in hardware registers. rbp becomes slow due to push/pop latency. below is
// disasm of bpf_ringbuf_output() helper for better visual context:
//
// ffffffff8117ee20: 41 54 push r12
// ffffffff8117ee22: 55 push rbp
// ffffffff8117ee23: 53 push rbx
// ffffffff8117ee24: 48 f7 c1 fc ff ff ff test rcx,0xfffffffffffffffc
// ffffffff8117ee2b: 0f 85 af 00 00 00 jne ffffffff8117eee0 <-- jump taken
// [...]
// ffffffff8117eee0: 49 c7 c4 ea ff ff ff mov r12,0xffffffffffffffea
// ffffffff8117eee7: 5b pop rbx
// ffffffff8117eee8: 5d pop rbp
// ffffffff8117eee9: 4c 89 e0 mov rax,r12
// ffffffff8117eeec: 41 5c pop r12
// ffffffff8117eeee: c3 ret
545: (18) r1 = map[id:4]
547: (bf) r2 = r7
548: (b7) r3 = 0
549: (b7) r4 = 4
550: (85) call bpf_ringbuf_output#194288
// instruction 551 inserted by verifier \
551: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = 0 | /both/ are now slow stores here
// storing map value pointer r7 at fp-16 | since value of r10 is "slow".
552: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r7 /
// following "fast" read to the same memory location, but due to dependency
// misprediction it will speculatively execute before insn 551/552 completes.
553: (79) r2 = *(u64 *)(r9 -16)
// in speculative domain contains attacker controlled r2. in non-speculative
// domain this contains r7, and thus accesses r7 +0 below.
554: (71) r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 +0)
// leak r3

As can be seen, the current speculative store bypass mitigation which the
verifier inserts at line 551 is insufficient since /both/, the write of
the zero sanitation as well as the map value pointer are a high latency
instruction due to prior memory access via push/pop of r10 (rbp) in contrast
to the low latency read in line 553 as r9 (r15) which stays in hardware
registers. Thus, architecturally, fp-16 is r7, however, microarchitecturally,
fp-16 can still be r2.

Initial thoughts to address this issue was to track spilled pointer loads
from stack and enforce their load via LDX through r10 as well so that /both/
the preemptive store of zero /as well as/ the load use the /same/ register
such that a dependency is created between the store and load. However, this
option is not sufficient either since it can be bypassed as well under
speculation. An updated attack with pointer spill/fills now _all_ based on
r10 would look as follows:

[...]
// r2 = oob address (e.g. scalar)
// r7 = pointer to map value
[...]
// longer store forward prediction training sequence than before.
2062: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r7 +25588)
2063: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +30708) = r0
2064: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r7 +25592)
2065: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +30712) = r0
2066: (61) r0 = *(u32 *)(r7 +25596)
2067: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +30716) = r0
// store the speculative load address (scalar) this time after the store
// forward prediction training.
2068: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r2
// preoccupy the CPU store port by running sequence of dummy stores.
2069: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29696) = r0
2070: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29700) = r0
2071: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29704) = r0
2072: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29708) = r0
2073: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29712) = r0
2074: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29716) = r0
2075: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29720) = r0
2076: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29724) = r0
2077: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29728) = r0
2078: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29732) = r0
2079: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29736) = r0
2080: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29740) = r0
2081: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29744) = r0
2082: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29748) = r0
2083: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29752) = r0
2084: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29756) = r0
2085: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29760) = r0
2086: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29764) = r0
2087: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29768) = r0
2088: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29772) = r0
2089: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29776) = r0
2090: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29780) = r0
2091: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29784) = r0
2092: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29788) = r0
2093: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29792) = r0
2094: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29796) = r0
2095: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29800) = r0
2096: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29804) = r0
2097: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29808) = r0
2098: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29812) = r0
// overwrite scalar with dummy pointer; same as before, also including the
// sanitation store with 0 from the current mitigation by the verifier.
2099: (7a) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = 0 | /both/ are now slow stores here
2100: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r7 | since store unit is still busy.
// load from stack intended to bypass stores.
2101: (79) r2 = *(u64 *)(r10 -16)
2102: (71) r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 +0)
// leak r3
[...]

Looking at the CPU microarchitecture, the scheduler might issue loads (such
as seen in line 2101) before stores (line 2099,2100) because the load execution
units become available while the store execution unit is still busy with the
sequence of dummy stores (line 2069-2098). And so the load may use the prior
stored scalar from r2 at address r10 -16 for speculation. The updated attack
may work less reliable on CPU microarchitectures where loads and stores share
execution resources.

This concludes that the sanitizing with zero stores from af86ca4e3088 ("bpf:
Prevent memory disambiguation attack") is insufficient. Moreover, the detection
of stack reuse from af86ca4e3088 where previously data (STACK_MISC) has been
written to a given stack slot where a pointer value is now to be stored does
not have sufficient coverage as precondition for the mitigation either; for
several reasons outlined as follows:

1) Stack content from prior program runs could still be preserved and is
therefore not "random", best example is to split a speculative store
bypass attack between tail calls, program A would prepare and store the
oob address at a given stack slot and then tail call into program B which
does the "slow" store of a pointer to the stack with subsequent "fast"
read. From program B PoV such stack slot type is STACK_INVALID, and
therefore also must be subject to mitigation.

2) The STACK_SPILL must not be coupled to register_is_const(&stack->spilled_ptr)
condition, for example, the previous content of that memory location could
also be a pointer to map or map value. Without the fix, a speculative
store bypass is not mitigated in such precondition and can then lead to
a type confusion in the speculative domain leaking kernel memory near
these pointer types.

While brainstorming on various alternative mitigation possibilities, we also
stumbled upon a retrospective from Chrome developers [0]:

[...] For variant 4, we implemented a mitigation to zero the unused memory
of the heap prior to allocation, which cost about 1% when done concurrently
and 4% for scavenging. Variant 4 defeats everything we could think of. We
explored more mitigations for variant 4 but the threat proved to be more
pervasive and dangerous than we anticipated. For example, stack slots used
by the register allocator in the optimizing compiler could be subject to
type confusion, leading to pointer crafting. Mitigating type confusion for
stack slots alone would have required a complete redesign of the backend of
the optimizing compiler, perhaps man years of work, without a guarantee of
completeness. [...]

From BPF side, the problem space is reduced, however, options are rather
limited. One idea that has been explored was to xor-obfuscate pointer spills
to the BPF stack:

[...]
// preoccupy the CPU store port by running sequence of dummy stores.
[...]
2106: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29796) = r0
2107: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29800) = r0
2108: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29804) = r0
2109: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29808) = r0
2110: (63) *(u32 *)(r7 +29812) = r0
// overwrite scalar with dummy pointer; xored with random 'secret' value
// of 943576462 before store ...
2111: (b4) w11 = 943576462
2112: (af) r11 ^= r7
2113: (7b) *(u64 *)(r10 -16) = r11
2114: (79) r11 = *(u64 *)(r10 -16)
2115: (b4) w2 = 943576462
2116: (af) r2 ^= r11
// ... and restored with the same 'secret' value with the help of AX reg.
2117: (71) r3 = *(u8 *)(r2 +0)
[...]

While the above would not prevent speculation, it would make data leakage
infeasible by directing it to random locations. In order to be effective
and prevent type confusion under speculation, such random secret would have
to be regenerated for each store. The additional complexity involved for a
tracking mechanism that prevents jumps such that restoring spilled pointers
would not get corrupted is not worth the gain for unprivileged. Hence, the
fix in here eventually opted for emitting a non-public BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC
instruction which the x86 JIT translates into a lfence opcode. Inserting the
latter in between the store and load instruction is one of the mitigations
options [1]. The x86 instruction manual notes:

[...] An LFENCE that follows an instruction that stores to memory might
complete before the data being stored have become globally visible. [...]

The latter meaning that the preceding store instruction finished execution
and the store is at minimum guaranteed to be in the CPU's store queue, but
it's not guaranteed to be in that CPU's L1 cache at that point (globally
visible). The latter would only be guaranteed via sfence. So the load which
is guaranteed to execute after the lfence for that local CPU would have to
rely on store-to-load forwarding. [2], in section 2.3 on store buffers says:

[...] For every store operation that is added to the ROB, an entry is
allocated in the store buffer. This entry requires both the virtual and
physical address of the target. Only if there is no free entry in the store
buffer, the frontend stalls until there is an empty slot available in the
store buffer again. Otherwise, the CPU can immediately continue adding
subsequent instructions to the ROB and execute them out of order. On Intel
CPUs, the store buffer has up to 56 entries. [...]

One small upside on the fix is that it lifts constraints from af86ca4e3088
where the sanitize_stack_off relative to r10 must be the same when coming
from different paths. The BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC gets emitted after a BPF_STX
or BPF_ST instruction. This happens either when we store a pointer or data
value to the BPF stack for the first time, or upon later pointer spills.
The former needs to be enforced since otherwise stale stack data could be
leaked under speculation as outlined earlier. For non-x86 JITs the BPF_ST |
BPF_NOSPEC mapping is currently optimized away, but others could emit a
speculation barrier as well if necessary. For real-world unprivileged
programs e.g. generated by LLVM, pointer spill/fill is only generated upon
register pressure and LLVM only tries to do that for pointers which are not
used often. The program main impact will be the initial BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC
sanitation for the STACK_INVALID case when the first write to a stack slot
occurs e.g. upon map lookup. In future we might refine ways to mitigate
the latter cost.

[0] https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.05178.pdf
[1] https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2018/05/21/analysis-and-mitigation-of-speculative-store-bypass-cve-2018-3639/
[2] https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.05725.pdf

Fixes: af86ca4e3088 ("bpf: Prevent memory disambiguation attack")
Fixes: f7cf25b2026d ("bpf: track spill/fill of constants")
Co-developed-by: Piotr Krysiuk <piotras@gmail.com>
Co-developed-by: Benedict Schlueter <benedict.schlueter@rub.de>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: Piotr Krysiuk <piotras@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Benedict Schlueter <benedict.schlueter@rub.de>
Acked-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>

2039f26f

Daniel Borkmann

4 years ago

net: let flow have same hash in two directions

1e60cebf

zhang kai

4 years ago

bpf: Introduce BPF nospec instruction for mitigating Spectre v4

f5e81d11

Daniel Borkmann

4 years ago

nfc: nfcsim: fix use after free during module unload

There is a use after free memory corruption during module exit:
- nfcsim_exit()
- nfcsim_device_free(dev0)
- nfc_digital_unregister_device()
This iterates over command queue and frees all commands,
- dev->up = false
- nfcsim_link_shutdown()
- nfcsim_link_recv_wake()
This wakes the sleeping thread nfcsim_link_recv_skb().

- nfcsim_link_recv_skb()
Wake from wait_event_interruptible_timeout(),
call directly the deb->cb callback even though (dev->up == false),
- digital_send_cmd_complete()
Dereference of "struct digital_cmd" cmd which was freed earlier by
nfc_digital_unregister_device().

This causes memory corruption shortly after (with unrelated stack
trace):

nfc nfc0: NFC: nfcsim_recv_wq: Device is down
llcp: nfc_llcp_recv: err -19
nfc nfc1: NFC: nfcsim_recv_wq: Device is down
BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: ffffffffffffffed
Call Trace:
fsnotify+0x54b/0x5c0
__fsnotify_parent+0x1fe/0x300
? vfs_write+0x27c/0x390
vfs_write+0x27c/0x390
ksys_write+0x63/0xe0
do_syscall_64+0x3b/0x90
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae

KASAN report:

BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in digital_send_cmd_complete+0x16/0x50
Write of size 8 at addr ffff88800a05f720 by task kworker/0:2/71
Workqueue: events nfcsim_recv_wq [nfcsim]
Call Trace:
dump_stack_lvl+0x45/0x59
print_address_description.constprop.0+0x21/0x140
? digital_send_cmd_complete+0x16/0x50
? digital_send_cmd_complete+0x16/0x50
kasan_report.cold+0x7f/0x11b
? digital_send_cmd_complete+0x16/0x50
? digital_dep_link_down+0x60/0x60
digital_send_cmd_complete+0x16/0x50
nfcsim_recv_wq+0x38f/0x3d5 [nfcsim]
? nfcsim_in_send_cmd+0x4a/0x4a [nfcsim]
? lock_is_held_type+0x98/0x110
? finish_wait+0x110/0x110
? rcu_read_lock_sched_held+0x9c/0xd0
? rcu_read_lock_bh_held+0xb0/0xb0
? lockdep_hardirqs_on_prepare+0x12e/0x1f0

This flow of calling digital_send_cmd_complete() callback on driver exit
is specific to nfcsim which implements reading and sending work queues.
Since the NFC digital device was unregistered, the callback should not
be called.

Fixes: 204bddcb508f ("NFC: nfcsim: Make use of the Digital layer")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzysztof.kozlowski@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>

5e7b30d2

Krzysztof Kozlowski

4 years ago

Merge branch 'sockmap fixes picked up by stress tests'

John Fastabend says:

====================

Running stress tests with recent patch to remove an extra lock in sockmap
resulted in a couple new issues popping up. It seems only one of them
is actually related to the patch:

799aa7f98d53 ("skmsg: Avoid lock_sock() in sk_psock_backlog()")

The other two issues had existed long before, but I guess the timing
with the serialization we had before was too tight to get any of
our tests or deployments to hit it.

With attached series stress testing sockmap+TCP with workloads that
create lots of short-lived connections no more splats like below were
seen on upstream bpf branch.

[224913.935822] WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 32100 at net/core/stream.c:208 sk_stream_kill_queues+0x212/0x220
[224913.935841] Modules linked in: fuse overlay bpf_preload x86_pkg_temp_thermal intel_uncore wmi_bmof squashfs sch_fq_codel efivarfs ip_tables x_tables uas xhci_pci ixgbe mdio xfrm_algo xhci_hcd wmi
[224913.935897] CPU: 3 PID: 32100 Comm: fgs-bench Tainted: G I 5.14.0-rc1alu+ #181
[224913.935908] Hardware name: Dell Inc. Precision 5820 Tower/002KVM, BIOS 1.9.2 01/24/2019
[224913.935914] RIP: 0010:sk_stream_kill_queues+0x212/0x220
[224913.935923] Code: 8b 83 20 02 00 00 85 c0 75 20 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f c3 48 89 df e8 2b 11 fe ff eb c3 0f 0b e9 7c ff ff ff 0f 0b eb ce <0f> 0b 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f c3 90 0f 1f 44 00 00 41 57 41
[224913.935932] RSP: 0018:ffff88816271fd38 EFLAGS: 00010206
[224913.935941] RAX: 0000000000000ae8 RBX: ffff88815acd5240 RCX: dffffc0000000000
[224913.935948] RDX: 0000000000000003 RSI: 0000000000000ae8 RDI: ffff88815acd5460
[224913.935954] RBP: ffff88815acd5460 R08: ffffffff955c0ae8 R09: fffffbfff2e6f543
[224913.935961] R10: ffffffff9737aa17 R11: fffffbfff2e6f542 R12: ffff88815acd5390
[224913.935967] R13: ffff88815acd5480 R14: ffffffff98d0c080 R15: ffffffff96267500
[224913.935974] FS: 00007f86e6bd1700(0000) GS:ffff888451cc0000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[224913.935981] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
[224913.935988] CR2: 000000c0008eb000 CR3: 00000001020e0005 CR4: 00000000003706e0
[224913.935994] DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
[224913.936000] DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
[224913.936007] Call Trace:
[224913.936016] inet_csk_destroy_sock+0xba/0x1f0
[224913.936033] __tcp_close+0x620/0x790
[224913.936047] tcp_close+0x20/0x80
[224913.936056] inet_release+0x8f/0xf0
[224913.936070] __sock_release+0x72/0x120

v3: make sock_drop inline in skmsg.h
v2: init skb to null and fix a space/tab issue. Added Jakub's acks.
====================

Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>

f1fdee33

Andrii Nakryiko

4 years ago

tulip: windbond-840: Fix missing pci_disable_device() in probe and remove

76a16be0

Wang Hai

4 years ago

branches 3

master 1 day ago default

compare

nocache-cleanup 4 weeks ago

compare

for-next 1 year ago

compare

tags 928

v7.1-rc1

2 days ago latest

README

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several of them using the Restructured Text markup notation.

Please read the Documentation/process/changes.rst file, as it contains the
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