docs: filesystems: convert coda.txt to ReST

This document has its own style. It seems to be print output
for the old matrixial printers where backspace were used to
do double prints.

For the conversion, I used several regex expressions to get
rid of some weird stuff. The patch also does almost all possible
conversions in order to get a nice output document, while keeping
it readable/editable as is:

- Add a SPDX header;
- Add a document title;
- Adjust document title;
- Adjust section titles;
- Some whitespace fixes and new line breaks;
- Mark literal blocks as such;
- Adjust list markups;
- Mark some unumbered titles with bold font;
- Use footnoote markups;
- Add table markups;
- Use notes markups;
- Add it to filesystems/index.rst.

Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <[e-mail]>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/25c06c[e-mail]
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <[e-mail]>

Documentation/filesystems/coda.rst

···
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+===========================
+Coda Kernel-Venus Interface
+===========================
+
+.. Note::
+
+   This is one of the technical documents describing a component of
+   Coda -- this document describes the client kernel-Venus interface.
+
+For more information:
+
+  http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu
+
+For user level software needed to run Coda:
+
+  ftp://ftp.coda.cs.cmu.edu
+
+To run Coda you need to get a user level cache manager for the client,
+named Venus, as well as tools to manipulate ACLs, to log in, etc.  The
+client needs to have the Coda filesystem selected in the kernel
+configuration.
+
+The server needs a user level server and at present does not depend on
+kernel support.
+
+  The Venus kernel interface
+
+  Peter J. Braam
+
+  v1.0, Nov 9, 1997
+
+  This document describes the communication between Venus and kernel
+  level filesystem code needed for the operation of the Coda file sys-
+  tem.  This document version is meant to describe the current interface
+  (version 1.0) as well as improvements we envisage.
+
+.. Table of Contents
+
+  1. Introduction
+
+  2. Servicing Coda filesystem calls
+
+  3. The message layer
+
+     3.1 Implementation details
+
+  4. The interface at the call level
+
+     4.1 Data structures shared by the kernel and Venus
+     4.2 The pioctl interface
+     4.3 root
+     4.4 lookup
+     4.5 getattr
+     4.6 setattr
+     4.7 access
+     4.8 create
+     4.9 mkdir
+     4.10 link
+     4.11 symlink
+     4.12 remove
+     4.13 rmdir
+     4.14 readlink
+     4.15 open
+     4.16 close
+     4.17 ioctl
+     4.18 rename
+     4.19 readdir
+     4.20 vget
+     4.21 fsync
+     4.22 inactive
+     4.23 rdwr
+     4.24 odymount
+     4.25 ody_lookup
+     4.26 ody_expand
+     4.27 prefetch
+     4.28 signal
+
+  5. The minicache and downcalls
+
+     5.1 INVALIDATE
+     5.2 FLUSH
+     5.3 PURGEUSER
+     5.4 ZAPFILE
+     5.5 ZAPDIR
+     5.6 ZAPVNODE
+     5.7 PURGEFID
+     5.8 REPLACE
+
+  6. Initialization and cleanup
+
+     6.1 Requirements
+
+1. Introduction
+===============
+
+  A key component in the Coda Distributed File System is the cache
+  manager, Venus.
+
+  When processes on a Coda enabled system access files in the Coda
+  filesystem, requests are directed at the filesystem layer in the
+  operating system. The operating system will communicate with Venus to
+  service the request for the process.  Venus manages a persistent
+  client cache and makes remote procedure calls to Coda file servers and
+  related servers (such as authentication servers) to service these
+  requests it receives from the operating system.  When Venus has
+  serviced a request it replies to the operating system with appropriate
+  return codes, and other data related to the request.  Optionally the
+  kernel support for Coda may maintain a minicache of recently processed
+  requests to limit the number of interactions with Venus.  Venus
+  possesses the facility to inform the kernel when elements from its
+  minicache are no longer valid.
+
+  This document describes precisely this communication between the
+  kernel and Venus.  The definitions of so called upcalls and downcalls
+  will be given with the format of the data they handle. We shall also
+  describe the semantic invariants resulting from the calls.
+
+  Historically Coda was implemented in a BSD file system in Mach 2.6.
+  The interface between the kernel and Venus is very similar to the BSD
+  VFS interface.  Similar functionality is provided, and the format of
+  the parameters and returned data is very similar to the BSD VFS.  This
+  leads to an almost natural environment for implementing a kernel-level
+  filesystem driver for Coda in a BSD system.  However, other operating
+  systems such as Linux and Windows 95 and NT have virtual filesystem
+  with different interfaces.
+
+  To implement Coda on these systems some reverse engineering of the
+  Venus/Kernel protocol is necessary.  Also it came to light that other
+  systems could profit significantly from certain small optimizations
+  and modifications to the protocol. To facilitate this work as well as
+  to make future ports easier, communication between Venus and the
+  kernel should be documented in great detail.  This is the aim of this
+  document.
+
+2.  Servicing Coda filesystem calls
+===================================
+
+  The service of a request for a Coda file system service originates in
+  a process P which accessing a Coda file. It makes a system call which
+  traps to the OS kernel. Examples of such calls trapping to the kernel
+  are ``read``, ``write``, ``open``, ``close``, ``create``, ``mkdir``,
+  ``rmdir``, ``chmod`` in a Unix ontext.  Similar calls exist in the Win32
+  environment, and are named ``CreateFile``.
+
+  Generally the operating system handles the request in a virtual
+  filesystem (VFS) layer, which is named I/O Manager in NT and IFS
+  manager in Windows 95.  The VFS is responsible for partial processing
+  of the request and for locating the specific filesystem(s) which will
+  service parts of the request.  Usually the information in the path
+  assists in locating the correct FS drivers.  Sometimes after extensive
+  pre-processing, the VFS starts invoking exported routines in the FS
+  driver.  This is the point where the FS specific processing of the
+  request starts, and here the Coda specific kernel code comes into
+  play.
+
+  The FS layer for Coda must expose and implement several interfaces.
+  First and foremost the VFS must be able to make all necessary calls to
+  the Coda FS layer, so the Coda FS driver must expose the VFS interface
+  as applicable in the operating system. These differ very significantly
+  among operating systems, but share features such as facilities to
+  read/write and create and remove objects.  The Coda FS layer services
+  such VFS requests by invoking one or more well defined services
+  offered by the cache manager Venus.  When the replies from Venus have
+  come back to the FS driver, servicing of the VFS call continues and
+  finishes with a reply to the kernel's VFS. Finally the VFS layer
+  returns to the process.
+
+  As a result of this design a basic interface exposed by the FS driver
+  must allow Venus to manage message traffic.  In particular Venus must
+  be able to retrieve and place messages and to be notified of the
+  arrival of a new message. The notification must be through a mechanism
+  which does not block Venus since Venus must attend to other tasks even
+  when no messages are waiting or being processed.
+
+  **Interfaces of the Coda FS Driver**
+
+  Furthermore the FS layer provides for a special path of communication
+  between a user process and Venus, called the pioctl interface. The
+  pioctl interface is used for Coda specific services, such as
+  requesting detailed information about the persistent cache managed by
+  Venus. Here the involvement of the kernel is minimal.  It identifies
+  the calling process and passes the information on to Venus.  When
+  Venus replies the response is passed back to the caller in unmodified
+  form.
+
+  Finally Venus allows the kernel FS driver to cache the results from
+  certain services.  This is done to avoid excessive context switches
+  and results in an efficient system.  However, Venus may acquire
+  information, for example from the network which implies that cached
+  information must be flushed or replaced. Venus then makes a downcall
+  to the Coda FS layer to request flushes or updates in the cache.  The
+  kernel FS driver handles such requests synchronously.
+
+  Among these interfaces the VFS interface and the facility to place,
+  receive and be notified of messages are platform specific.  We will
+  not go into the calls exported to the VFS layer but we will state the
+  requirements of the message exchange mechanism.
+
+
+3.  The message layer
+=====================
+
+  At the lowest level the communication between Venus and the FS driver
+  proceeds through messages.  The synchronization between processes
+  requesting Coda file service and Venus relies on blocking and waking
+  up processes.  The Coda FS driver processes VFS- and pioctl-requests
+  on behalf of a process P, creates messages for Venus, awaits replies
+  and finally returns to the caller.  The implementation of the exchange
+  of messages is platform specific, but the semantics have (so far)
+  appeared to be generally applicable.  Data buffers are created by the
+  FS Driver in kernel memory on behalf of P and copied to user memory in
+  Venus.
+
+  The FS Driver while servicing P makes upcalls to Venus.  Such an
+  upcall is dispatched to Venus by creating a message structure.  The
+  structure contains the identification of P, the message sequence
+  number, the size of the request and a pointer to the data in kernel
+  memory for the request.  Since the data buffer is re-used to hold the
+  reply from Venus, there is a field for the size of the reply.  A flags
+  field is used in the message to precisely record the status of the
+  message.  Additional platform dependent structures involve pointers to
+  determine the position of the message on queues and pointers to
+  synchronization objects.  In the upcall routine the message structure
+  is filled in, flags are set to 0, and it is placed on the *pending*
+  queue.  The routine calling upcall is responsible for allocating the
+  data buffer; its structure will be described in the next section.
+
+  A facility must exist to notify Venus that the message has been
+  created, and implemented using available synchronization objects in
+  the OS. This notification is done in the upcall context of the process
+  P. When the message is on the pending queue, process P cannot proceed
+  in upcall.  The (kernel mode) processing of P in the filesystem
+  request routine must be suspended until Venus has replied.  Therefore
+  the calling thread in P is blocked in upcall.  A pointer in the
+  message structure will locate the synchronization object on which P is
+  sleeping.
+
+  Venus detects the notification that a message has arrived, and the FS
+  driver allow Venus to retrieve the message with a getmsg_from_kernel
+  call. This action finishes in the kernel by putting the message on the
+  queue of processing messages and setting flags to READ.  Venus is
+  passed the contents of the data buffer. The getmsg_from_kernel call
+  now returns and Venus processes the request.
+
+  At some later point the FS driver receives a message from Venus,
+  namely when Venus calls sendmsg_to_kernel.  At this moment the Coda FS
+  driver looks at the contents of the message and decides if:
+
+
+  *  the message is a reply for a suspended thread P.  If so it removes
+     the message from the processing queue and marks the message as
+     WRITTEN.  Finally, the FS driver unblocks P (still in the kernel
+     mode context of Venus) and the sendmsg_to_kernel call returns to
+     Venus.  The process P will be scheduled at some point and continues
+     processing its upcall with the data buffer replaced with the reply
+     from Venus.
+
+  *  The message is a ``downcall``.  A downcall is a request from Venus to
+     the FS Driver. The FS driver processes the request immediately
+     (usually a cache eviction or replacement) and when it finishes
+     sendmsg_to_kernel returns.
+
+  Now P awakes and continues processing upcall.  There are some
+  subtleties to take account of. First P will determine if it was woken
+  up in upcall by a signal from some other source (for example an
+  attempt to terminate P) or as is normally the case by Venus in its
+  sendmsg_to_kernel call.  In the normal case, the upcall routine will
+  deallocate the message structure and return.  The FS routine can proceed
+  with its processing.
+
+
+  **Sleeping and IPC arrangements**
+
+  In case P is woken up by a signal and not by Venus, it will first look
+  at the flags field.  If the message is not yet READ, the process P can
+  handle its signal without notifying Venus.  If Venus has READ, and
+  the request should not be processed, P can send Venus a signal message
+  to indicate that it should disregard the previous message.  Such
+  signals are put in the queue at the head, and read first by Venus.  If
+  the message is already marked as WRITTEN it is too late to stop the
+  processing.  The VFS routine will now continue.  (-- If a VFS request
+  involves more than one upcall, this can lead to complicated state, an
+  extra field "handle_signals" could be added in the message structure
+  to indicate points of no return have been passed.--)
+
+
+
+3.1.  Implementation details
+----------------------------
+
+  The Unix implementation of this mechanism has been through the
+  implementation of a character device associated with Coda.  Venus
+  retrieves messages by doing a read on the device, replies are sent
+  with a write and notification is through the select system call on the
+  file descriptor for the device.  The process P is kept waiting on an
+  interruptible wait queue object.
+
+  In Windows NT and the DPMI Windows 95 implementation a DeviceIoControl
+  call is used.  The DeviceIoControl call is designed to copy buffers
+  from user memory to kernel memory with OPCODES. The sendmsg_to_kernel
+  is issued as a synchronous call, while the getmsg_from_kernel call is
+  asynchronous.  Windows EventObjects are used for notification of
+  message arrival.  The process P is kept waiting on a KernelEvent
+  object in NT and a semaphore in Windows 95.
+
+
+4.  The interface at the call level
+===================================
+
+
+  This section describes the upcalls a Coda FS driver can make to Venus.
+  Each of these upcalls make use of two structures: inputArgs and
+  outputArgs.   In pseudo BNF form the structures take the following
+  form::
+
+
+	struct inputArgs {
+	    u_long opcode;
+	    u_long unique;     /* Keep multiple outstanding msgs distinct */
+	    u_short pid;                 /* Common to all */
+	    u_short pgid;                /* Common to all */
+	    struct CodaCred cred;        /* Common to all */
+
+	    <union "in" of call dependent parts of inputArgs>
+	};
+
+	struct outputArgs {
+	    u_long opcode;
+	    u_long unique;       /* Keep multiple outstanding msgs distinct */
+	    u_long result;
+
+	    <union "out" of call dependent parts of inputArgs>
+	};
+
+
+
+  Before going on let us elucidate the role of the various fields. The
+  inputArgs start with the opcode which defines the type of service
+  requested from Venus. There are approximately 30 upcalls at present
+  which we will discuss.   The unique field labels the inputArg with a
+  unique number which will identify the message uniquely.  A process and
+  process group id are passed.  Finally the credentials of the caller
+  are included.
+
+  Before delving into the specific calls we need to discuss a variety of
+  data structures shared by the kernel and Venus.
+
+
+
+
+4.1.  Data structures shared by the kernel and Venus
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+
+  The CodaCred structure defines a variety of user and group ids as
+  they are set for the calling process. The vuid_t and vgid_t are 32 bit
+  unsigned integers.  It also defines group membership in an array.  On
+  Unix the CodaCred has proven sufficient to implement good security
+  semantics for Coda but the structure may have to undergo modification
+  for the Windows environment when these mature::
+
+	struct CodaCred {
+	    vuid_t cr_uid, cr_euid, cr_suid, cr_fsuid; /* Real, effective, set, fs uid */
+	    vgid_t cr_gid, cr_egid, cr_sgid, cr_fsgid; /* same for groups */
+	    vgid_t cr_groups[NGROUPS];        /* Group membership for caller */
+	};
+
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     It is questionable if we need CodaCreds in Venus. Finally Venus
+     doesn't know about groups, although it does create files with the
+     default uid/gid.  Perhaps the list of group membership is superfluous.
+
+
+  The next item is the fundamental identifier used to identify Coda
+  files, the ViceFid.  A fid of a file uniquely defines a file or
+  directory in the Coda filesystem within a cell [1]_::
+
+	typedef struct ViceFid {
+	    VolumeId Volume;
+	    VnodeId Vnode;
+	    Unique_t Unique;
+	} ViceFid;
+
+  .. [1] A cell is agroup of Coda servers acting under the aegis of a single
+	 system control machine or SCM. See the Coda Administration manual
+	 for a detailed description of the role of the SCM.
+
+  Each of the constituent fields: VolumeId, VnodeId and Unique_t are
+  unsigned 32 bit integers.  We envisage that a further field will need
+  to be prefixed to identify the Coda cell; this will probably take the
+  form of a Ipv6 size IP address naming the Coda cell through DNS.
+
+  The next important structure shared between Venus and the kernel is
+  the attributes of the file.  The following structure is used to
+  exchange information.  It has room for future extensions such as
+  support for device files (currently not present in Coda)::
+
+
+	struct coda_timespec {
+		int64_t         tv_sec;         /* seconds */
+		long            tv_nsec;        /* nanoseconds */
+	};
+
+	struct coda_vattr {
+		enum coda_vtype va_type;        /* vnode type (for create) */
+		u_short         va_mode;        /* files access mode and type */
+		short           va_nlink;       /* number of references to file */
+		vuid_t          va_uid;         /* owner user id */
+		vgid_t          va_gid;         /* owner group id */
+		long            va_fsid;        /* file system id (dev for now) */
+		long            va_fileid;      /* file id */
+		u_quad_t        va_size;        /* file size in bytes */
+		long            va_blocksize;   /* blocksize preferred for i/o */
+		struct coda_timespec va_atime;  /* time of last access */
+		struct coda_timespec va_mtime;  /* time of last modification */
+		struct coda_timespec va_ctime;  /* time file changed */
+		u_long          va_gen;         /* generation number of file */
+		u_long          va_flags;       /* flags defined for file */
+		dev_t           va_rdev;        /* device special file represents */
+		u_quad_t        va_bytes;       /* bytes of disk space held by file */
+		u_quad_t        va_filerev;     /* file modification number */
+		u_int           va_vaflags;     /* operations flags, see below */
+		long            va_spare;       /* remain quad aligned */
+	};
+
+
+4.2.  The pioctl interface
+--------------------------
+
+
+  Coda specific requests can be made by application through the pioctl
+  interface. The pioctl is implemented as an ordinary ioctl on a
+  fictitious file /coda/.CONTROL.  The pioctl call opens this file, gets
+  a file handle and makes the ioctl call. Finally it closes the file.
+
+  The kernel involvement in this is limited to providing the facility to
+  open and close and pass the ioctl message and to verify that a path in
+  the pioctl data buffers is a file in a Coda filesystem.
+
+  The kernel is handed a data packet of the form::
+
+	struct {
+	    const char *path;
+	    struct ViceIoctl vidata;
+	    int follow;
+	} data;
+
+
+
+  where::
+
+
+	struct ViceIoctl {
+		caddr_t in, out;        /* Data to be transferred in, or out */
+		short in_size;          /* Size of input buffer <= 2K */
+		short out_size;         /* Maximum size of output buffer, <= 2K */
+	};
+
+
+
+  The path must be a Coda file, otherwise the ioctl upcall will not be
+  made.
+
+  .. Note:: The data structures and code are a mess.  We need to clean this up.
+
+
+**We now proceed to document the individual calls**:
+
+
+4.3.  root
+----------
+
+
+  Arguments
+     in
+
+	empty
+
+     out::
+
+		struct cfs_root_out {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		} cfs_root;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    This call is made to Venus during the initialization of
+    the Coda filesystem. If the result is zero, the cfs_root structure
+    contains the ViceFid of the root of the Coda filesystem. If a non-zero
+    result is generated, its value is a platform dependent error code
+    indicating the difficulty Venus encountered in locating the root of
+    the Coda filesystem.
+
+4.4.  lookup
+------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Find the ViceFid and type of an object in a directory if it exists.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct  cfs_lookup_in {
+		    ViceFid     VFid;
+		    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_lookup;
+
+
+
+     out::
+
+		struct cfs_lookup_out {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		    int vtype;
+		} cfs_lookup;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    This call is made to determine the ViceFid and filetype of
+    a directory entry.  The directory entry requested carries name name
+    and Venus will search the directory identified by cfs_lookup_in.VFid.
+    The result may indicate that the name does not exist, or that
+    difficulty was encountered in finding it (e.g. due to disconnection).
+    If the result is zero, the field cfs_lookup_out.VFid contains the
+    targets ViceFid and cfs_lookup_out.vtype the coda_vtype giving the
+    type of object the name designates.
+
+  The name of the object is an 8 bit character string of maximum length
+  CFS_MAXNAMLEN, currently set to 256 (including a 0 terminator.)
+
+  It is extremely important to realize that Venus bitwise ors the field
+  cfs_lookup.vtype with CFS_NOCACHE to indicate that the object should
+  not be put in the kernel name cache.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     The type of the vtype is currently wrong.  It should be
+     coda_vtype. Linux does not take note of CFS_NOCACHE.  It should.
+
+
+4.5.  getattr
+-------------
+
+
+  Summary Get the attributes of a file.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_getattr_in {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		    struct coda_vattr attr; /* XXXXX */
+		} cfs_getattr;
+
+
+
+     out::
+
+		struct cfs_getattr_out {
+		    struct coda_vattr attr;
+		} cfs_getattr;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    This call returns the attributes of the file identified by fid.
+
+  Errors
+    Errors can occur if the object with fid does not exist, is
+    unaccessible or if the caller does not have permission to fetch
+    attributes.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     Many kernel FS drivers (Linux, NT and Windows 95) need to acquire
+     the attributes as well as the Fid for the instantiation of an internal
+     "inode" or "FileHandle".  A significant improvement in performance on
+     such systems could be made by combining the lookup and getattr calls
+     both at the Venus/kernel interaction level and at the RPC level.
+
+  The vattr structure included in the input arguments is superfluous and
+  should be removed.
+
+
+4.6.  setattr
+-------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Set the attributes of a file.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_setattr_in {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		    struct coda_vattr attr;
+		} cfs_setattr;
+
+
+
+
+     out
+
+	empty
+
+  Description
+    The structure attr is filled with attributes to be changed
+    in BSD style.  Attributes not to be changed are set to -1, apart from
+    vtype which is set to VNON. Other are set to the value to be assigned.
+    The only attributes which the FS driver may request to change are the
+    mode, owner, groupid, atime, mtime and ctime.  The return value
+    indicates success or failure.
+
+  Errors
+    A variety of errors can occur.  The object may not exist, may
+    be inaccessible, or permission may not be granted by Venus.
+
+
+4.7.  access
+------------
+
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_access_in {
+		    ViceFid     VFid;
+		    int flags;
+		} cfs_access;
+
+
+
+     out
+
+	empty
+
+  Description
+    Verify if access to the object identified by VFid for
+    operations described by flags is permitted.  The result indicates if
+    access will be granted.  It is important to remember that Coda uses
+    ACLs to enforce protection and that ultimately the servers, not the
+    clients enforce the security of the system.  The result of this call
+    will depend on whether a token is held by the user.
+
+  Errors
+    The object may not exist, or the ACL describing the protection
+    may not be accessible.
+
+
+4.8.  create
+------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Invoked to create a file
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_create_in {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		    struct coda_vattr attr;
+		    int excl;
+		    int mode;
+		    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_create;
+
+
+
+
+     out::
+
+		struct cfs_create_out {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		    struct coda_vattr attr;
+		} cfs_create;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    This upcall is invoked to request creation of a file.
+    The file will be created in the directory identified by VFid, its name
+    will be name, and the mode will be mode.  If excl is set an error will
+    be returned if the file already exists.  If the size field in attr is
+    set to zero the file will be truncated.  The uid and gid of the file
+    are set by converting the CodaCred to a uid using a macro CRTOUID
+    (this macro is platform dependent).  Upon success the VFid and
+    attributes of the file are returned.  The Coda FS Driver will normally
+    instantiate a vnode, inode or file handle at kernel level for the new
+    object.
+
+
+  Errors
+    A variety of errors can occur. Permissions may be insufficient.
+    If the object exists and is not a file the error EISDIR is returned
+    under Unix.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     The packing of parameters is very inefficient and appears to
+     indicate confusion between the system call creat and the VFS operation
+     create. The VFS operation create is only called to create new objects.
+     This create call differs from the Unix one in that it is not invoked
+     to return a file descriptor. The truncate and exclusive options,
+     together with the mode, could simply be part of the mode as it is
+     under Unix.  There should be no flags argument; this is used in open
+     (2) to return a file descriptor for READ or WRITE mode.
+
+  The attributes of the directory should be returned too, since the size
+  and mtime changed.
+
+
+4.9.  mkdir
+-----------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Create a new directory.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_mkdir_in {
+		    ViceFid     VFid;
+		    struct coda_vattr attr;
+		    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_mkdir;
+
+
+
+     out::
+
+		struct cfs_mkdir_out {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		    struct coda_vattr attr;
+		} cfs_mkdir;
+
+
+
+
+  Description
+    This call is similar to create but creates a directory.
+    Only the mode field in the input parameters is used for creation.
+    Upon successful creation, the attr returned contains the attributes of
+    the new directory.
+
+  Errors
+    As for create.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     The input parameter should be changed to mode instead of
+     attributes.
+
+  The attributes of the parent should be returned since the size and
+  mtime changes.
+
+
+4.10.  link
+-----------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Create a link to an existing file.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_link_in {
+		    ViceFid sourceFid;          /* cnode to link *to* */
+		    ViceFid destFid;            /* Directory in which to place link */
+		    char        *tname;         /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_link;
+
+
+
+     out
+
+	empty
+
+  Description
+    This call creates a link to the sourceFid in the directory
+    identified by destFid with name tname.  The source must reside in the
+    target's parent, i.e. the source must be have parent destFid, i.e. Coda
+    does not support cross directory hard links.  Only the return value is
+    relevant.  It indicates success or the type of failure.
+
+  Errors
+    The usual errors can occur.
+
+
+4.11.  symlink
+--------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    create a symbolic link
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_symlink_in {
+		    ViceFid     VFid;          /* Directory to put symlink in */
+		    char        *srcname;
+		    struct coda_vattr attr;
+		    char        *tname;
+		} cfs_symlink;
+
+
+
+     out
+
+	none
+
+  Description
+    Create a symbolic link. The link is to be placed in the
+    directory identified by VFid and named tname.  It should point to the
+    pathname srcname.  The attributes of the newly created object are to
+    be set to attr.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     The attributes of the target directory should be returned since
+     its size changed.
+
+
+4.12.  remove
+-------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Remove a file
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_remove_in {
+		    ViceFid     VFid;
+		    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_remove;
+
+
+
+     out
+
+	none
+
+  Description
+    Remove file named cfs_remove_in.name in directory
+    identified by   VFid.
+
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     The attributes of the directory should be returned since its
+     mtime and size may change.
+
+
+4.13.  rmdir
+------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Remove a directory
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_rmdir_in {
+		    ViceFid     VFid;
+		    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_rmdir;
+
+
+
+     out
+
+	none
+
+  Description
+    Remove the directory with name name from the directory
+    identified by VFid.
+
+  .. Note:: The attributes of the parent directory should be returned since
+	    its mtime and size may change.
+
+
+4.14.  readlink
+---------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Read the value of a symbolic link.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_readlink_in {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		} cfs_readlink;
+
+
+
+     out::
+
+		struct cfs_readlink_out {
+		    int count;
+		    caddr_t     data;           /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_readlink;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    This routine reads the contents of symbolic link
+    identified by VFid into the buffer data.  The buffer data must be able
+    to hold any name up to CFS_MAXNAMLEN (PATH or NAM??).
+
+  Errors
+    No unusual errors.
+
+
+4.15.  open
+-----------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Open a file.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_open_in {
+		    ViceFid     VFid;
+		    int flags;
+		} cfs_open;
+
+
+
+     out::
+
+		struct cfs_open_out {
+		    dev_t       dev;
+		    ino_t       inode;
+		} cfs_open;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    This request asks Venus to place the file identified by
+    VFid in its cache and to note that the calling process wishes to open
+    it with flags as in open(2).  The return value to the kernel differs
+    for Unix and Windows systems.  For Unix systems the Coda FS Driver is
+    informed of the device and inode number of the container file in the
+    fields dev and inode.  For Windows the path of the container file is
+    returned to the kernel.
+
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     Currently the cfs_open_out structure is not properly adapted to
+     deal with the Windows case.  It might be best to implement two
+     upcalls, one to open aiming at a container file name, the other at a
+     container file inode.
+
+
+4.16.  close
+------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Close a file, update it on the servers.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_close_in {
+		    ViceFid     VFid;
+		    int flags;
+		} cfs_close;
+
+
+
+     out
+
+	none
+
+  Description
+    Close the file identified by VFid.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     The flags argument is bogus and not used.  However, Venus' code
+     has room to deal with an execp input field, probably this field should
+     be used to inform Venus that the file was closed but is still memory
+     mapped for execution.  There are comments about fetching versus not
+     fetching the data in Venus vproc_vfscalls.  This seems silly.  If a
+     file is being closed, the data in the container file is to be the new
+     data.  Here again the execp flag might be in play to create confusion:
+     currently Venus might think a file can be flushed from the cache when
+     it is still memory mapped.  This needs to be understood.
+
+
+4.17.  ioctl
+------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Do an ioctl on a file. This includes the pioctl interface.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_ioctl_in {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		    int cmd;
+		    int len;
+		    int rwflag;
+		    char *data;                 /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_ioctl;
+
+
+
+     out::
+
+
+		struct cfs_ioctl_out {
+		    int len;
+		    caddr_t     data;           /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_ioctl;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    Do an ioctl operation on a file.  The command, len and
+    data arguments are filled as usual.  flags is not used by Venus.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     Another bogus parameter.  flags is not used.  What is the
+     business about PREFETCHING in the Venus code?
+
+
+
+4.18.  rename
+-------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Rename a fid.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_rename_in {
+		    ViceFid     sourceFid;
+		    char        *srcname;
+		    ViceFid destFid;
+		    char        *destname;
+		} cfs_rename;
+
+
+
+     out
+
+	none
+
+  Description
+    Rename the object with name srcname in directory
+    sourceFid to destname in destFid.   It is important that the names
+    srcname and destname are 0 terminated strings.  Strings in Unix
+    kernels are not always null terminated.
+
+
+4.19.  readdir
+--------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Read directory entries.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_readdir_in {
+		    ViceFid     VFid;
+		    int count;
+		    int offset;
+		} cfs_readdir;
+
+
+
+
+     out::
+
+		struct cfs_readdir_out {
+		    int size;
+		    caddr_t     data;           /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_readdir;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    Read directory entries from VFid starting at offset and
+    read at most count bytes.  Returns the data in data and returns
+    the size in size.
+
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     This call is not used.  Readdir operations exploit container
+     files.  We will re-evaluate this during the directory revamp which is
+     about to take place.
+
+
+4.20.  vget
+-----------
+
+
+  Summary
+    instructs Venus to do an FSDB->Get.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_vget_in {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		} cfs_vget;
+
+
+
+     out::
+
+		struct cfs_vget_out {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		    int vtype;
+		} cfs_vget;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    This upcall asks Venus to do a get operation on an fsobj
+    labelled by VFid.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     This operation is not used.  However, it is extremely useful
+     since it can be used to deal with read/write memory mapped files.
+     These can be "pinned" in the Venus cache using vget and released with
+     inactive.
+
+
+4.21.  fsync
+------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Tell Venus to update the RVM attributes of a file.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_fsync_in {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		} cfs_fsync;
+
+
+
+     out
+
+	none
+
+  Description
+    Ask Venus to update RVM attributes of object VFid. This
+    should be called as part of kernel level fsync type calls.  The
+    result indicates if the syncing was successful.
+
+  .. Note:: Linux does not implement this call. It should.
+
+
+4.22.  inactive
+---------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Tell Venus a vnode is no longer in use.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_inactive_in {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		} cfs_inactive;
+
+
+
+     out
+
+	none
+
+  Description
+    This operation returns EOPNOTSUPP.
+
+  .. Note:: This should perhaps be removed.
+
+
+4.23.  rdwr
+-----------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Read or write from a file
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct cfs_rdwr_in {
+		    ViceFid     VFid;
+		    int rwflag;
+		    int count;
+		    int offset;
+		    int ioflag;
+		    caddr_t     data;           /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_rdwr;
+
+
+
+
+     out::
+
+		struct cfs_rdwr_out {
+		    int rwflag;
+		    int count;
+		    caddr_t     data;   /* Place holder for data. */
+		} cfs_rdwr;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    This upcall asks Venus to read or write from a file.
+
+
+  .. Note::
+
+    It should be removed since it is against the Coda philosophy that
+    read/write operations never reach Venus.  I have been told the
+    operation does not work.  It is not currently used.
+
+
+
+4.24.  odymount
+---------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Allows mounting multiple Coda "filesystems" on one Unix mount point.
+
+  Arguments
+     in::
+
+		struct ody_mount_in {
+		    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
+		} ody_mount;
+
+
+
+     out::
+
+		struct ody_mount_out {
+		    ViceFid VFid;
+		} ody_mount;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    Asks Venus to return the rootfid of a Coda system named
+    name.  The fid is returned in VFid.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     This call was used by David for dynamic sets.  It should be
+     removed since it causes a jungle of pointers in the VFS mounting area.
+     It is not used by Coda proper.  Call is not implemented by Venus.
+
+
+4.25.  ody_lookup
+-----------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Looks up something.
+
+  Arguments
+     in
+
+	irrelevant
+
+
+     out
+
+	irrelevant
+
+
+  .. Note:: Gut it. Call is not implemented by Venus.
+
+
+4.26.  ody_expand
+-----------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    expands something in a dynamic set.
+
+  Arguments
+     in
+
+	irrelevant
+
+     out
+
+	irrelevant
+
+  .. Note:: Gut it. Call is not implemented by Venus.
+
+
+4.27.  prefetch
+---------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Prefetch a dynamic set.
+
+  Arguments
+
+     in
+
+	Not documented.
+
+     out
+
+	Not documented.
+
+  Description
+    Venus worker.cc has support for this call, although it is
+    noted that it doesn't work.  Not surprising, since the kernel does not
+    have support for it. (ODY_PREFETCH is not a defined operation).
+
+
+  .. Note:: Gut it. It isn't working and isn't used by Coda.
+
+
+
+4.28.  signal
+-------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Send Venus a signal about an upcall.
+
+  Arguments
+     in
+
+	none
+
+     out
+
+	not applicable.
+
+  Description
+    This is an out-of-band upcall to Venus to inform Venus
+    that the calling process received a signal after Venus read the
+    message from the input queue.  Venus is supposed to clean up the
+    operation.
+
+  Errors
+    No reply is given.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     We need to better understand what Venus needs to clean up and if
+     it is doing this correctly.  Also we need to handle multiple upcall
+     per system call situations correctly.  It would be important to know
+     what state changes in Venus take place after an upcall for which the
+     kernel is responsible for notifying Venus to clean up (e.g. open
+     definitely is such a state change, but many others are maybe not).
+
+
+5.  The minicache and downcalls
+===============================
+
+
+  The Coda FS Driver can cache results of lookup and access upcalls, to
+  limit the frequency of upcalls.  Upcalls carry a price since a process
+  context switch needs to take place.  The counterpart of caching the
+  information is that Venus will notify the FS Driver that cached
+  entries must be flushed or renamed.
+
+  The kernel code generally has to maintain a structure which links the
+  internal file handles (called vnodes in BSD, inodes in Linux and
+  FileHandles in Windows) with the ViceFid's which Venus maintains.  The
+  reason is that frequent translations back and forth are needed in
+  order to make upcalls and use the results of upcalls.  Such linking
+  objects are called cnodes.
+
+  The current minicache implementations have cache entries which record
+  the following:
+
+  1. the name of the file
+
+  2. the cnode of the directory containing the object
+
+  3. a list of CodaCred's for which the lookup is permitted.
+
+  4. the cnode of the object
+
+  The lookup call in the Coda FS Driver may request the cnode of the
+  desired object from the cache, by passing its name, directory and the
+  CodaCred's of the caller.  The cache will return the cnode or indicate
+  that it cannot be found.  The Coda FS Driver must be careful to
+  invalidate cache entries when it modifies or removes objects.
+
+  When Venus obtains information that indicates that cache entries are
+  no longer valid, it will make a downcall to the kernel.  Downcalls are
+  intercepted by the Coda FS Driver and lead to cache invalidations of
+  the kind described below.  The Coda FS Driver does not return an error
+  unless the downcall data could not be read into kernel memory.
+
+
+5.1.  INVALIDATE
+----------------
+
+
+  No information is available on this call.
+
+
+5.2.  FLUSH
+-----------
+
+
+
+  Arguments
+    None
+
+  Summary
+    Flush the name cache entirely.
+
+  Description
+    Venus issues this call upon startup and when it dies. This
+    is to prevent stale cache information being held.  Some operating
+    systems allow the kernel name cache to be switched off dynamically.
+    When this is done, this downcall is made.
+
+
+5.3.  PURGEUSER
+---------------
+
+
+  Arguments
+    ::
+
+	  struct cfs_purgeuser_out {/* CFS_PURGEUSER is a venus->kernel call */
+	      struct CodaCred cred;
+	  } cfs_purgeuser;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    Remove all entries in the cache carrying the Cred.  This
+    call is issued when tokens for a user expire or are flushed.
+
+
+5.4.  ZAPFILE
+-------------
+
+
+  Arguments
+    ::
+
+	  struct cfs_zapfile_out {  /* CFS_ZAPFILE is a venus->kernel call */
+	      ViceFid CodaFid;
+	  } cfs_zapfile;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    Remove all entries which have the (dir vnode, name) pair.
+    This is issued as a result of an invalidation of cached attributes of
+    a vnode.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     Call is not named correctly in NetBSD and Mach.  The minicache
+     zapfile routine takes different arguments. Linux does not implement
+     the invalidation of attributes correctly.
+
+
+
+5.5.  ZAPDIR
+------------
+
+
+  Arguments
+    ::
+
+	  struct cfs_zapdir_out {   /* CFS_ZAPDIR is a venus->kernel call */
+	      ViceFid CodaFid;
+	  } cfs_zapdir;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    Remove all entries in the cache lying in a directory
+    CodaFid, and all children of this directory. This call is issued when
+    Venus receives a callback on the directory.
+
+
+5.6.  ZAPVNODE
+--------------
+
+
+
+  Arguments
+    ::
+
+	  struct cfs_zapvnode_out { /* CFS_ZAPVNODE is a venus->kernel call */
+	      struct CodaCred cred;
+	      ViceFid VFid;
+	  } cfs_zapvnode;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    Remove all entries in the cache carrying the cred and VFid
+    as in the arguments. This downcall is probably never issued.
+
+
+5.7.  PURGEFID
+--------------
+
+
+  Arguments
+    ::
+
+	  struct cfs_purgefid_out { /* CFS_PURGEFID is a venus->kernel call */
+	      ViceFid CodaFid;
+	  } cfs_purgefid;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    Flush the attribute for the file. If it is a dir (odd
+    vnode), purge its children from the namecache and remove the file from the
+    namecache.
+
+
+
+5.8.  REPLACE
+-------------
+
+
+  Summary
+    Replace the Fid's for a collection of names.
+
+  Arguments
+    ::
+
+	  struct cfs_replace_out { /* cfs_replace is a venus->kernel call */
+	      ViceFid NewFid;
+	      ViceFid OldFid;
+	  } cfs_replace;
+
+
+
+  Description
+    This routine replaces a ViceFid in the name cache with
+    another.  It is added to allow Venus during reintegration to replace
+    locally allocated temp fids while disconnected with global fids even
+    when the reference counts on those fids are not zero.
+
+
+6.  Initialization and cleanup
+==============================
+
+
+  This section gives brief hints as to desirable features for the Coda
+  FS Driver at startup and upon shutdown or Venus failures.  Before
+  entering the discussion it is useful to repeat that the Coda FS Driver
+  maintains the following data:
+
+
+  1. message queues
+
+  2. cnodes
+
+  3. name cache entries
+
+     The name cache entries are entirely private to the driver, so they
+     can easily be manipulated.   The message queues will generally have
+     clear points of initialization and destruction.  The cnodes are
+     much more delicate.  User processes hold reference counts in Coda
+     filesystems and it can be difficult to clean up the cnodes.
+
+  It can expect requests through:
+
+  1. the message subsystem
+
+  2. the VFS layer
+
+  3. pioctl interface
+
+     Currently the pioctl passes through the VFS for Coda so we can
+     treat these similarly.
+
+
+6.1.  Requirements
+------------------
+
+
+  The following requirements should be accommodated:
+
+  1. The message queues should have open and close routines.  On Unix
+     the opening of the character devices are such routines.
+
+    -  Before opening, no messages can be placed.
+
+    -  Opening will remove any old messages still pending.
+
+    -  Close will notify any sleeping processes that their upcall cannot
+       be completed.
+
+    -  Close will free all memory allocated by the message queues.
+
+
+  2. At open the namecache shall be initialized to empty state.
+
+  3. Before the message queues are open, all VFS operations will fail.
+     Fortunately this can be achieved by making sure than mounting the
+     Coda filesystem cannot succeed before opening.
+
+  4. After closing of the queues, no VFS operations can succeed.  Here
+     one needs to be careful, since a few operations (lookup,
+     read/write, readdir) can proceed without upcalls.  These must be
+     explicitly blocked.
+
+  5. Upon closing the namecache shall be flushed and disabled.
+
+  6. All memory held by cnodes can be freed without relying on upcalls.
+
+  7. Unmounting the file system can be done without relying on upcalls.
+
+  8. Mounting the Coda filesystem should fail gracefully if Venus cannot
+     get the rootfid or the attributes of the rootfid.  The latter is
+     best implemented by Venus fetching these objects before attempting
+     to mount.
+
+  .. Note::
+
+     NetBSD in particular but also Linux have not implemented the
+     above requirements fully.  For smooth operation this needs to be
+     corrected.
+
+
+

Documentation/filesystems/coda.txt

···
-NOTE: 
-This is one of the technical documents describing a component of
-Coda -- this document describes the client kernel-Venus interface.
-
-For more information:
-  http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu
-For user level software needed to run Coda:
-  ftp://ftp.coda.cs.cmu.edu
-
-To run Coda you need to get a user level cache manager for the client,
-named Venus, as well as tools to manipulate ACLs, to log in, etc.  The
-client needs to have the Coda filesystem selected in the kernel
-configuration.
-
-The server needs a user level server and at present does not depend on
-kernel support.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-  The Venus kernel interface
-  Peter J. Braam
-  v1.0, Nov 9, 1997
-
-  This document describes the communication between Venus and kernel
-  level filesystem code needed for the operation of the Coda file sys-
-  tem.  This document version is meant to describe the current interface
-  (version 1.0) as well as improvements we envisage.
-  ______________________________________________________________________
-
-  Table of Contents
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-  1. Introduction
-
-  2. Servicing Coda filesystem calls
-
-  3. The message layer
-
-     3.1 Implementation details
-
-  4. The interface at the call level
-
-     4.1 Data structures shared by the kernel and Venus
-     4.2 The pioctl interface
-     4.3 root
-     4.4 lookup
-     4.5 getattr
-     4.6 setattr
-     4.7 access
-     4.8 create
-     4.9 mkdir
-     4.10 link
-     4.11 symlink
-     4.12 remove
-     4.13 rmdir
-     4.14 readlink
-     4.15 open
-     4.16 close
-     4.17 ioctl
-     4.18 rename
-     4.19 readdir
-     4.20 vget
-     4.21 fsync
-     4.22 inactive
-     4.23 rdwr
-     4.24 odymount
-     4.25 ody_lookup
-     4.26 ody_expand
-     4.27 prefetch
-     4.28 signal
-
-  5. The minicache and downcalls
-
-     5.1 INVALIDATE
-     5.2 FLUSH
-     5.3 PURGEUSER
-     5.4 ZAPFILE
-     5.5 ZAPDIR
-     5.6 ZAPVNODE
-     5.7 PURGEFID
-     5.8 REPLACE
-
-  6. Initialization and cleanup
-
-     6.1 Requirements
-
-
-  ______________________________________________________________________
-  0wpage
-
-  11..  IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
-
-
-
-  A key component in the Coda Distributed File System is the cache
-  manager, _V_e_n_u_s.
-
-
-  When processes on a Coda enabled system access files in the Coda
-  filesystem, requests are directed at the filesystem layer in the
-  operating system. The operating system will communicate with Venus to
-  service the request for the process.  Venus manages a persistent
-  client cache and makes remote procedure calls to Coda file servers and
-  related servers (such as authentication servers) to service these
-  requests it receives from the operating system.  When Venus has
-  serviced a request it replies to the operating system with appropriate
-  return codes, and other data related to the request.  Optionally the
-  kernel support for Coda may maintain a minicache of recently processed
-  requests to limit the number of interactions with Venus.  Venus
-  possesses the facility to inform the kernel when elements from its
-  minicache are no longer valid.
-
-  This document describes precisely this communication between the
-  kernel and Venus.  The definitions of so called upcalls and downcalls
-  will be given with the format of the data they handle. We shall also
-  describe the semantic invariants resulting from the calls.
-
-  Historically Coda was implemented in a BSD file system in Mach 2.6.
-  The interface between the kernel and Venus is very similar to the BSD
-  VFS interface.  Similar functionality is provided, and the format of
-  the parameters and returned data is very similar to the BSD VFS.  This
-  leads to an almost natural environment for implementing a kernel-level
-  filesystem driver for Coda in a BSD system.  However, other operating
-  systems such as Linux and Windows 95 and NT have virtual filesystem
-  with different interfaces.
-
-  To implement Coda on these systems some reverse engineering of the
-  Venus/Kernel protocol is necessary.  Also it came to light that other
-  systems could profit significantly from certain small optimizations
-  and modifications to the protocol. To facilitate this work as well as
-  to make future ports easier, communication between Venus and the
-  kernel should be documented in great detail.  This is the aim of this
-  document.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  22..  SSeerrvviicciinngg CCooddaa ffiilleessyysstteemm ccaallllss
-
-  The service of a request for a Coda file system service originates in
-  a process PP which accessing a Coda file. It makes a system call which
-  traps to the OS kernel. Examples of such calls trapping to the kernel
-  are _r_e_a_d_, _w_r_i_t_e_, _o_p_e_n_, _c_l_o_s_e_, _c_r_e_a_t_e_, _m_k_d_i_r_, _r_m_d_i_r_, _c_h_m_o_d in a Unix
-  context.  Similar calls exist in the Win32 environment, and are named
-  _C_r_e_a_t_e_F_i_l_e_, .
-
-  Generally the operating system handles the request in a virtual
-  filesystem (VFS) layer, which is named I/O Manager in NT and IFS
-  manager in Windows 95.  The VFS is responsible for partial processing
-  of the request and for locating the specific filesystem(s) which will
-  service parts of the request.  Usually the information in the path
-  assists in locating the correct FS drivers.  Sometimes after extensive
-  pre-processing, the VFS starts invoking exported routines in the FS
-  driver.  This is the point where the FS specific processing of the
-  request starts, and here the Coda specific kernel code comes into
-  play.
-
-  The FS layer for Coda must expose and implement several interfaces.
-  First and foremost the VFS must be able to make all necessary calls to
-  the Coda FS layer, so the Coda FS driver must expose the VFS interface
-  as applicable in the operating system. These differ very significantly
-  among operating systems, but share features such as facilities to
-  read/write and create and remove objects.  The Coda FS layer services
-  such VFS requests by invoking one or more well defined services
-  offered by the cache manager Venus.  When the replies from Venus have
-  come back to the FS driver, servicing of the VFS call continues and
-  finishes with a reply to the kernel's VFS. Finally the VFS layer
-  returns to the process.
-
-  As a result of this design a basic interface exposed by the FS driver
-  must allow Venus to manage message traffic.  In particular Venus must
-  be able to retrieve and place messages and to be notified of the
-  arrival of a new message. The notification must be through a mechanism
-  which does not block Venus since Venus must attend to other tasks even
-  when no messages are waiting or being processed.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                     Interfaces of the Coda FS Driver
-
-  Furthermore the FS layer provides for a special path of communication
-  between a user process and Venus, called the pioctl interface. The
-  pioctl interface is used for Coda specific services, such as
-  requesting detailed information about the persistent cache managed by
-  Venus. Here the involvement of the kernel is minimal.  It identifies
-  the calling process and passes the information on to Venus.  When
-  Venus replies the response is passed back to the caller in unmodified
-  form.
-
-  Finally Venus allows the kernel FS driver to cache the results from
-  certain services.  This is done to avoid excessive context switches
-  and results in an efficient system.  However, Venus may acquire
-  information, for example from the network which implies that cached
-  information must be flushed or replaced. Venus then makes a downcall
-  to the Coda FS layer to request flushes or updates in the cache.  The
-  kernel FS driver handles such requests synchronously.
-
-  Among these interfaces the VFS interface and the facility to place,
-  receive and be notified of messages are platform specific.  We will
-  not go into the calls exported to the VFS layer but we will state the
-  requirements of the message exchange mechanism.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  33..  TThhee mmeessssaaggee llaayyeerr
-
-
-
-  At the lowest level the communication between Venus and the FS driver
-  proceeds through messages.  The synchronization between processes
-  requesting Coda file service and Venus relies on blocking and waking
-  up processes.  The Coda FS driver processes VFS- and pioctl-requests
-  on behalf of a process P, creates messages for Venus, awaits replies
-  and finally returns to the caller.  The implementation of the exchange
-  of messages is platform specific, but the semantics have (so far)
-  appeared to be generally applicable.  Data buffers are created by the
-  FS Driver in kernel memory on behalf of P and copied to user memory in
-  Venus.
-
-  The FS Driver while servicing P makes upcalls to Venus.  Such an
-  upcall is dispatched to Venus by creating a message structure.  The
-  structure contains the identification of P, the message sequence
-  number, the size of the request and a pointer to the data in kernel
-  memory for the request.  Since the data buffer is re-used to hold the
-  reply from Venus, there is a field for the size of the reply.  A flags
-  field is used in the message to precisely record the status of the
-  message.  Additional platform dependent structures involve pointers to
-  determine the position of the message on queues and pointers to
-  synchronization objects.  In the upcall routine the message structure
-  is filled in, flags are set to 0, and it is placed on the _p_e_n_d_i_n_g
-  queue.  The routine calling upcall is responsible for allocating the
-  data buffer; its structure will be described in the next section.
-
-  A facility must exist to notify Venus that the message has been
-  created, and implemented using available synchronization objects in
-  the OS. This notification is done in the upcall context of the process
-  P. When the message is on the pending queue, process P cannot proceed
-  in upcall.  The (kernel mode) processing of P in the filesystem
-  request routine must be suspended until Venus has replied.  Therefore
-  the calling thread in P is blocked in upcall.  A pointer in the
-  message structure will locate the synchronization object on which P is
-  sleeping.
-
-  Venus detects the notification that a message has arrived, and the FS
-  driver allow Venus to retrieve the message with a getmsg_from_kernel
-  call. This action finishes in the kernel by putting the message on the
-  queue of processing messages and setting flags to READ.  Venus is
-  passed the contents of the data buffer. The getmsg_from_kernel call
-  now returns and Venus processes the request.
-
-  At some later point the FS driver receives a message from Venus,
-  namely when Venus calls sendmsg_to_kernel.  At this moment the Coda FS
-  driver looks at the contents of the message and decides if:
-
-
-  +o  the message is a reply for a suspended thread P.  If so it removes
-     the message from the processing queue and marks the message as
-     WRITTEN.  Finally, the FS driver unblocks P (still in the kernel
-     mode context of Venus) and the sendmsg_to_kernel call returns to
-     Venus.  The process P will be scheduled at some point and continues
-     processing its upcall with the data buffer replaced with the reply
-     from Venus.
-
-  +o  The message is a _d_o_w_n_c_a_l_l.  A downcall is a request from Venus to
-     the FS Driver. The FS driver processes the request immediately
-     (usually a cache eviction or replacement) and when it finishes
-     sendmsg_to_kernel returns.
-
-  Now P awakes and continues processing upcall.  There are some
-  subtleties to take account of. First P will determine if it was woken
-  up in upcall by a signal from some other source (for example an
-  attempt to terminate P) or as is normally the case by Venus in its
-  sendmsg_to_kernel call.  In the normal case, the upcall routine will
-  deallocate the message structure and return.  The FS routine can proceed
-  with its processing.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                      Sleeping and IPC arrangements
-
-  In case P is woken up by a signal and not by Venus, it will first look
-  at the flags field.  If the message is not yet READ, the process P can
-  handle its signal without notifying Venus.  If Venus has READ, and
-  the request should not be processed, P can send Venus a signal message
-  to indicate that it should disregard the previous message.  Such
-  signals are put in the queue at the head, and read first by Venus.  If
-  the message is already marked as WRITTEN it is too late to stop the
-  processing.  The VFS routine will now continue.  (-- If a VFS request
-  involves more than one upcall, this can lead to complicated state, an
-  extra field "handle_signals" could be added in the message structure
-  to indicate points of no return have been passed.--)
-
-
-
-  33..11..  IImmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn ddeettaaiillss
-
-  The Unix implementation of this mechanism has been through the
-  implementation of a character device associated with Coda.  Venus
-  retrieves messages by doing a read on the device, replies are sent
-  with a write and notification is through the select system call on the
-  file descriptor for the device.  The process P is kept waiting on an
-  interruptible wait queue object.
-
-  In Windows NT and the DPMI Windows 95 implementation a DeviceIoControl
-  call is used.  The DeviceIoControl call is designed to copy buffers
-  from user memory to kernel memory with OPCODES. The sendmsg_to_kernel
-  is issued as a synchronous call, while the getmsg_from_kernel call is
-  asynchronous.  Windows EventObjects are used for notification of
-  message arrival.  The process P is kept waiting on a KernelEvent
-  object in NT and a semaphore in Windows 95.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..  TThhee iinntteerrffaaccee aatt tthhee ccaallll lleevveell
-
-
-  This section describes the upcalls a Coda FS driver can make to Venus.
-  Each of these upcalls make use of two structures: inputArgs and
-  outputArgs.   In pseudo BNF form the structures take the following
-  form:
-
-
-  struct inputArgs {
-      u_long opcode;
-      u_long unique;     /* Keep multiple outstanding msgs distinct */
-      u_short pid;                 /* Common to all */
-      u_short pgid;                /* Common to all */
-      struct CodaCred cred;        /* Common to all */
-
-      <union "in" of call dependent parts of inputArgs>
-  };
-
-  struct outputArgs {
-      u_long opcode;
-      u_long unique;       /* Keep multiple outstanding msgs distinct */
-      u_long result;
-
-      <union "out" of call dependent parts of inputArgs>
-  };
-
-
-
-  Before going on let us elucidate the role of the various fields. The
-  inputArgs start with the opcode which defines the type of service
-  requested from Venus. There are approximately 30 upcalls at present
-  which we will discuss.   The unique field labels the inputArg with a
-  unique number which will identify the message uniquely.  A process and
-  process group id are passed.  Finally the credentials of the caller
-  are included.
-
-  Before delving into the specific calls we need to discuss a variety of
-  data structures shared by the kernel and Venus.
-
-
-
-
-  44..11..  DDaattaa ssttrruuccttuurreess sshhaarreedd bbyy tthhee kkeerrnneell aanndd VVeennuuss
-
-
-  The CodaCred structure defines a variety of user and group ids as
-  they are set for the calling process. The vuid_t and vgid_t are 32 bit
-  unsigned integers.  It also defines group membership in an array.  On
-  Unix the CodaCred has proven sufficient to implement good security
-  semantics for Coda but the structure may have to undergo modification
-  for the Windows environment when these mature.
-
-  struct CodaCred {
-      vuid_t cr_uid, cr_euid, cr_suid, cr_fsuid; /* Real, effective, set, fs uid */
-      vgid_t cr_gid, cr_egid, cr_sgid, cr_fsgid; /* same for groups */
-      vgid_t cr_groups[NGROUPS];        /* Group membership for caller */
-  };
-
-
-
-  NNOOTTEE It is questionable if we need CodaCreds in Venus. Finally Venus
-  doesn't know about groups, although it does create files with the
-  default uid/gid.  Perhaps the list of group membership is superfluous.
-
-
-  The next item is the fundamental identifier used to identify Coda
-  files, the ViceFid.  A fid of a file uniquely defines a file or
-  directory in the Coda filesystem within a _c_e_l_l.   (-- A _c_e_l_l is a
-  group of Coda servers acting under the aegis of a single system
-  control machine or SCM. See the Coda Administration manual for a
-  detailed description of the role of the SCM.--)
-
-
-  typedef struct ViceFid {
-      VolumeId Volume;
-      VnodeId Vnode;
-      Unique_t Unique;
-  } ViceFid;
-
-
-
-  Each of the constituent fields: VolumeId, VnodeId and Unique_t are
-  unsigned 32 bit integers.  We envisage that a further field will need
-  to be prefixed to identify the Coda cell; this will probably take the
-  form of a Ipv6 size IP address naming the Coda cell through DNS.
-
-  The next important structure shared between Venus and the kernel is
-  the attributes of the file.  The following structure is used to
-  exchange information.  It has room for future extensions such as
-  support for device files (currently not present in Coda).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-  struct coda_timespec {
-          int64_t         tv_sec;         /* seconds */
-          long            tv_nsec;        /* nanoseconds */
-  };
-
-  struct coda_vattr {
-          enum coda_vtype va_type;        /* vnode type (for create) */
-          u_short         va_mode;        /* files access mode and type */
-          short           va_nlink;       /* number of references to file */
-          vuid_t          va_uid;         /* owner user id */
-          vgid_t          va_gid;         /* owner group id */
-          long            va_fsid;        /* file system id (dev for now) */
-          long            va_fileid;      /* file id */
-          u_quad_t        va_size;        /* file size in bytes */
-          long            va_blocksize;   /* blocksize preferred for i/o */
-          struct coda_timespec va_atime;  /* time of last access */
-          struct coda_timespec va_mtime;  /* time of last modification */
-          struct coda_timespec va_ctime;  /* time file changed */
-          u_long          va_gen;         /* generation number of file */
-          u_long          va_flags;       /* flags defined for file */
-          dev_t           va_rdev;        /* device special file represents */
-          u_quad_t        va_bytes;       /* bytes of disk space held by file */
-          u_quad_t        va_filerev;     /* file modification number */
-          u_int           va_vaflags;     /* operations flags, see below */
-          long            va_spare;       /* remain quad aligned */
-  };
-
-
-
-
-  44..22..  TThhee ppiiooccttll iinntteerrffaaccee
-
-
-  Coda specific requests can be made by application through the pioctl
-  interface. The pioctl is implemented as an ordinary ioctl on a
-  fictitious file /coda/.CONTROL.  The pioctl call opens this file, gets
-  a file handle and makes the ioctl call. Finally it closes the file.
-
-  The kernel involvement in this is limited to providing the facility to
-  open and close and pass the ioctl message _a_n_d to verify that a path in
-  the pioctl data buffers is a file in a Coda filesystem.
-
-  The kernel is handed a data packet of the form:
-
-      struct {
-          const char *path;
-          struct ViceIoctl vidata;
-          int follow;
-      } data;
-
-
-
-  where
-
-
-  struct ViceIoctl {
-          caddr_t in, out;        /* Data to be transferred in, or out */
-          short in_size;          /* Size of input buffer <= 2K */
-          short out_size;         /* Maximum size of output buffer, <= 2K */
-  };
-
-
-
-  The path must be a Coda file, otherwise the ioctl upcall will not be
-  made.
-
-  NNOOTTEE  The data structures and code are a mess.  We need to clean this
-  up.
-
-  We now proceed to document the individual calls:
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..33..  rroooott
-
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn empty
-
-     oouutt
-
-                struct cfs_root_out {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                } cfs_root;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn This call is made to Venus during the initialization of
-  the Coda filesystem. If the result is zero, the cfs_root structure
-  contains the ViceFid of the root of the Coda filesystem. If a non-zero
-  result is generated, its value is a platform dependent error code
-  indicating the difficulty Venus encountered in locating the root of
-  the Coda filesystem.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..44..  llooookkuupp
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Find the ViceFid and type of an object in a directory if it
-  exists.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct  cfs_lookup_in {
-                    ViceFid     VFid;
-                    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_lookup;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-
-                struct cfs_lookup_out {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                    int vtype;
-                } cfs_lookup;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn This call is made to determine the ViceFid and filetype of
-  a directory entry.  The directory entry requested carries name name
-  and Venus will search the directory identified by cfs_lookup_in.VFid.
-  The result may indicate that the name does not exist, or that
-  difficulty was encountered in finding it (e.g. due to disconnection).
-  If the result is zero, the field cfs_lookup_out.VFid contains the
-  targets ViceFid and cfs_lookup_out.vtype the coda_vtype giving the
-  type of object the name designates.
-
-  The name of the object is an 8 bit character string of maximum length
-  CFS_MAXNAMLEN, currently set to 256 (including a 0 terminator.)
-
-  It is extremely important to realize that Venus bitwise ors the field
-  cfs_lookup.vtype with CFS_NOCACHE to indicate that the object should
-  not be put in the kernel name cache.
-
-  NNOOTTEE The type of the vtype is currently wrong.  It should be
-  coda_vtype. Linux does not take note of CFS_NOCACHE.  It should.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..55..  ggeettaattttrr
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Get the attributes of a file.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_getattr_in {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                    struct coda_vattr attr; /* XXXXX */
-                } cfs_getattr;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-
-                struct cfs_getattr_out {
-                    struct coda_vattr attr;
-                } cfs_getattr;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn This call returns the attributes of the file identified by
-  fid.
-
-  EErrrroorrss Errors can occur if the object with fid does not exist, is
-  unaccessible or if the caller does not have permission to fetch
-  attributes.
-
-  NNoottee Many kernel FS drivers (Linux, NT and Windows 95) need to acquire
-  the attributes as well as the Fid for the instantiation of an internal
-  "inode" or "FileHandle".  A significant improvement in performance on
-  such systems could be made by combining the _l_o_o_k_u_p and _g_e_t_a_t_t_r calls
-  both at the Venus/kernel interaction level and at the RPC level.
-
-  The vattr structure included in the input arguments is superfluous and
-  should be removed.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..66..  sseettaattttrr
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Set the attributes of a file.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_setattr_in {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                    struct coda_vattr attr;
-                } cfs_setattr;
-
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-        empty
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn The structure attr is filled with attributes to be changed
-  in BSD style.  Attributes not to be changed are set to -1, apart from
-  vtype which is set to VNON. Other are set to the value to be assigned.
-  The only attributes which the FS driver may request to change are the
-  mode, owner, groupid, atime, mtime and ctime.  The return value
-  indicates success or failure.
-
-  EErrrroorrss A variety of errors can occur.  The object may not exist, may
-  be inaccessible, or permission may not be granted by Venus.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..77..  aacccceessss
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_access_in {
-                    ViceFid     VFid;
-                    int flags;
-                } cfs_access;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-        empty
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Verify if access to the object identified by VFid for
-  operations described by flags is permitted.  The result indicates if
-  access will be granted.  It is important to remember that Coda uses
-  ACLs to enforce protection and that ultimately the servers, not the
-  clients enforce the security of the system.  The result of this call
-  will depend on whether a _t_o_k_e_n is held by the user.
-
-  EErrrroorrss The object may not exist, or the ACL describing the protection
-  may not be accessible.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..88..  ccrreeaattee
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Invoked to create a file
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_create_in {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                    struct coda_vattr attr;
-                    int excl;
-                    int mode;
-                    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_create;
-
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-
-                struct cfs_create_out {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                    struct coda_vattr attr;
-                } cfs_create;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn  This upcall is invoked to request creation of a file.
-  The file will be created in the directory identified by VFid, its name
-  will be name, and the mode will be mode.  If excl is set an error will
-  be returned if the file already exists.  If the size field in attr is
-  set to zero the file will be truncated.  The uid and gid of the file
-  are set by converting the CodaCred to a uid using a macro CRTOUID
-  (this macro is platform dependent).  Upon success the VFid and
-  attributes of the file are returned.  The Coda FS Driver will normally
-  instantiate a vnode, inode or file handle at kernel level for the new
-  object.
-
-
-  EErrrroorrss A variety of errors can occur. Permissions may be insufficient.
-  If the object exists and is not a file the error EISDIR is returned
-  under Unix.
-
-  NNOOTTEE The packing of parameters is very inefficient and appears to
-  indicate confusion between the system call creat and the VFS operation
-  create. The VFS operation create is only called to create new objects.
-  This create call differs from the Unix one in that it is not invoked
-  to return a file descriptor. The truncate and exclusive options,
-  together with the mode, could simply be part of the mode as it is
-  under Unix.  There should be no flags argument; this is used in open
-  (2) to return a file descriptor for READ or WRITE mode.
-
-  The attributes of the directory should be returned too, since the size
-  and mtime changed.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..99..  mmkkddiirr
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Create a new directory.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_mkdir_in {
-                    ViceFid     VFid;
-                    struct coda_vattr attr;
-                    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_mkdir;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-
-                struct cfs_mkdir_out {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                    struct coda_vattr attr;
-                } cfs_mkdir;
-
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn This call is similar to create but creates a directory.
-  Only the mode field in the input parameters is used for creation.
-  Upon successful creation, the attr returned contains the attributes of
-  the new directory.
-
-  EErrrroorrss As for create.
-
-  NNOOTTEE The input parameter should be changed to mode instead of
-  attributes.
-
-  The attributes of the parent should be returned since the size and
-  mtime changes.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..1100..  lliinnkk
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Create a link to an existing file.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_link_in {
-                    ViceFid sourceFid;          /* cnode to link *to* */
-                    ViceFid destFid;            /* Directory in which to place link */
-                    char        *tname;         /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_link;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-        empty
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn This call creates a link to the sourceFid in the directory
-  identified by destFid with name tname.  The source must reside in the
-  target's parent, i.e. the source must be have parent destFid, i.e. Coda
-  does not support cross directory hard links.  Only the return value is
-  relevant.  It indicates success or the type of failure.
-
-  EErrrroorrss The usual errors can occur.0wpage
-
-  44..1111..  ssyymmlliinnkk
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy create a symbolic link
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_symlink_in {
-                    ViceFid     VFid;          /* Directory to put symlink in */
-                    char        *srcname;
-                    struct coda_vattr attr;
-                    char        *tname;
-                } cfs_symlink;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-        none
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Create a symbolic link. The link is to be placed in the
-  directory identified by VFid and named tname.  It should point to the
-  pathname srcname.  The attributes of the newly created object are to
-  be set to attr.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE The attributes of the target directory should be returned since
-  its size changed.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..1122..  rreemmoovvee
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Remove a file
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_remove_in {
-                    ViceFid     VFid;
-                    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_remove;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-        none
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn  Remove file named cfs_remove_in.name in directory
-  identified by   VFid.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE The attributes of the directory should be returned since its
-  mtime and size may change.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..1133..  rrmmddiirr
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Remove a directory
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_rmdir_in {
-                    ViceFid     VFid;
-                    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_rmdir;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-        none
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Remove the directory with name name from the directory
-  identified by VFid.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE The attributes of the parent directory should be returned since
-  its mtime and size may change.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..1144..  rreeaaddlliinnkk
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Read the value of a symbolic link.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_readlink_in {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                } cfs_readlink;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-
-                struct cfs_readlink_out {
-                    int count;
-                    caddr_t     data;           /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_readlink;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn This routine reads the contents of symbolic link
-  identified by VFid into the buffer data.  The buffer data must be able
-  to hold any name up to CFS_MAXNAMLEN (PATH or NAM??).
-
-  EErrrroorrss No unusual errors.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..1155..  ooppeenn
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Open a file.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_open_in {
-                    ViceFid     VFid;
-                    int flags;
-                } cfs_open;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-
-                struct cfs_open_out {
-                    dev_t       dev;
-                    ino_t       inode;
-                } cfs_open;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn  This request asks Venus to place the file identified by
-  VFid in its cache and to note that the calling process wishes to open
-  it with flags as in open(2).  The return value to the kernel differs
-  for Unix and Windows systems.  For Unix systems the Coda FS Driver is
-  informed of the device and inode number of the container file in the
-  fields dev and inode.  For Windows the path of the container file is
-  returned to the kernel.
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE Currently the cfs_open_out structure is not properly adapted to
-  deal with the Windows case.  It might be best to implement two
-  upcalls, one to open aiming at a container file name, the other at a
-  container file inode.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..1166..  cclloossee
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Close a file, update it on the servers.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_close_in {
-                    ViceFid     VFid;
-                    int flags;
-                } cfs_close;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-        none
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Close the file identified by VFid.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE The flags argument is bogus and not used.  However, Venus' code
-  has room to deal with an execp input field, probably this field should
-  be used to inform Venus that the file was closed but is still memory
-  mapped for execution.  There are comments about fetching versus not
-  fetching the data in Venus vproc_vfscalls.  This seems silly.  If a
-  file is being closed, the data in the container file is to be the new
-  data.  Here again the execp flag might be in play to create confusion:
-  currently Venus might think a file can be flushed from the cache when
-  it is still memory mapped.  This needs to be understood.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..1177..  iiooccttll
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Do an ioctl on a file. This includes the pioctl interface.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_ioctl_in {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                    int cmd;
-                    int len;
-                    int rwflag;
-                    char *data;                 /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_ioctl;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-
-
-                struct cfs_ioctl_out {
-                    int len;
-                    caddr_t     data;           /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_ioctl;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Do an ioctl operation on a file.  The command, len and
-  data arguments are filled as usual.  flags is not used by Venus.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE Another bogus parameter.  flags is not used.  What is the
-  business about PREFETCHING in the Venus code?
-
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..1188..  rreennaammee
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Rename a fid.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_rename_in {
-                    ViceFid     sourceFid;
-                    char        *srcname;
-                    ViceFid destFid;
-                    char        *destname;
-                } cfs_rename;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-        none
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn  Rename the object with name srcname in directory
-  sourceFid to destname in destFid.   It is important that the names
-  srcname and destname are 0 terminated strings.  Strings in Unix
-  kernels are not always null terminated.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..1199..  rreeaaddddiirr
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Read directory entries.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_readdir_in {
-                    ViceFid     VFid;
-                    int count;
-                    int offset;
-                } cfs_readdir;
-
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-
-                struct cfs_readdir_out {
-                    int size;
-                    caddr_t     data;           /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_readdir;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Read directory entries from VFid starting at offset and
-  read at most count bytes.  Returns the data in data and returns
-  the size in size.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE This call is not used.  Readdir operations exploit container
-  files.  We will re-evaluate this during the directory revamp which is
-  about to take place.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..2200..  vvggeett
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy instructs Venus to do an FSDB->Get.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_vget_in {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                } cfs_vget;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-
-                struct cfs_vget_out {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                    int vtype;
-                } cfs_vget;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn This upcall asks Venus to do a get operation on an fsobj
-  labelled by VFid.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE This operation is not used.  However, it is extremely useful
-  since it can be used to deal with read/write memory mapped files.
-  These can be "pinned" in the Venus cache using vget and released with
-  inactive.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..2211..  ffssyynncc
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Tell Venus to update the RVM attributes of a file.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_fsync_in {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                } cfs_fsync;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-        none
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Ask Venus to update RVM attributes of object VFid. This
-  should be called as part of kernel level fsync type calls.  The
-  result indicates if the syncing was successful.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE Linux does not implement this call. It should.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..2222..  iinnaaccttiivvee
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Tell Venus a vnode is no longer in use.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_inactive_in {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                } cfs_inactive;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-        none
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn This operation returns EOPNOTSUPP.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE This should perhaps be removed.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..2233..  rrddwwrr
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Read or write from a file
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct cfs_rdwr_in {
-                    ViceFid     VFid;
-                    int rwflag;
-                    int count;
-                    int offset;
-                    int ioflag;
-                    caddr_t     data;           /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_rdwr;
-
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-
-                struct cfs_rdwr_out {
-                    int rwflag;
-                    int count;
-                    caddr_t     data;   /* Place holder for data. */
-                } cfs_rdwr;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn This upcall asks Venus to read or write from a file.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE It should be removed since it is against the Coda philosophy that
-  read/write operations never reach Venus.  I have been told the
-  operation does not work.  It is not currently used.
-
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..2244..  ooddyymmoouunntt
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Allows mounting multiple Coda "filesystems" on one Unix mount
-  point.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn
-
-                struct ody_mount_in {
-                    char        *name;          /* Place holder for data. */
-                } ody_mount;
-
-
-
-     oouutt
-
-                struct ody_mount_out {
-                    ViceFid VFid;
-                } ody_mount;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn  Asks Venus to return the rootfid of a Coda system named
-  name.  The fid is returned in VFid.
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE This call was used by David for dynamic sets.  It should be
-  removed since it causes a jungle of pointers in the VFS mounting area.
-  It is not used by Coda proper.  Call is not implemented by Venus.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..2255..  ooddyy__llooookkuupp
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Looks up something.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn irrelevant
-
-
-     oouutt
-        irrelevant
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE Gut it. Call is not implemented by Venus.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..2266..  ooddyy__eexxppaanndd
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy expands something in a dynamic set.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn irrelevant
-
-     oouutt
-        irrelevant
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE Gut it.  Call is not implemented by Venus.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..2277..  pprreeffeettcchh
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Prefetch a dynamic set.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn Not documented.
-
-     oouutt
-        Not documented.
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn  Venus worker.cc has support for this call, although it is
-  noted that it doesn't work.  Not surprising, since the kernel does not
-  have support for it. (ODY_PREFETCH is not a defined operation).
-
-  EErrrroorrss
-
-  NNOOTTEE Gut it. It isn't working and isn't used by Coda.
-
-
-  0wpage
-
-  44..2288..  ssiiggnnaall
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Send Venus a signal about an upcall.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-     iinn none
-
-     oouutt
-        not applicable.
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn  This is an out-of-band upcall to Venus to inform Venus
-  that the calling process received a signal after Venus read the
-  message from the input queue.  Venus is supposed to clean up the
-  operation.
-
-  EErrrroorrss No reply is given.
-
-  NNOOTTEE We need to better understand what Venus needs to clean up and if
-  it is doing this correctly.  Also we need to handle multiple upcall
-  per system call situations correctly.  It would be important to know
-  what state changes in Venus take place after an upcall for which the
-  kernel is responsible for notifying Venus to clean up (e.g. open
-  definitely is such a state change, but many others are maybe not).
-
-  0wpage
-
-  55..  TThhee mmiinniiccaacchhee aanndd ddoowwnnccaallllss
-
-
-  The Coda FS Driver can cache results of lookup and access upcalls, to
-  limit the frequency of upcalls.  Upcalls carry a price since a process
-  context switch needs to take place.  The counterpart of caching the
-  information is that Venus will notify the FS Driver that cached
-  entries must be flushed or renamed.
-
-  The kernel code generally has to maintain a structure which links the
-  internal file handles (called vnodes in BSD, inodes in Linux and
-  FileHandles in Windows) with the ViceFid's which Venus maintains.  The
-  reason is that frequent translations back and forth are needed in
-  order to make upcalls and use the results of upcalls.  Such linking
-  objects are called ccnnooddeess.
-
-  The current minicache implementations have cache entries which record
-  the following:
-
-  1. the name of the file
-
-  2. the cnode of the directory containing the object
-
-  3. a list of CodaCred's for which the lookup is permitted.
-
-  4. the cnode of the object
-
-  The lookup call in the Coda FS Driver may request the cnode of the
-  desired object from the cache, by passing its name, directory and the
-  CodaCred's of the caller.  The cache will return the cnode or indicate
-  that it cannot be found.  The Coda FS Driver must be careful to
-  invalidate cache entries when it modifies or removes objects.
-
-  When Venus obtains information that indicates that cache entries are
-  no longer valid, it will make a downcall to the kernel.  Downcalls are
-  intercepted by the Coda FS Driver and lead to cache invalidations of
-  the kind described below.  The Coda FS Driver does not return an error
-  unless the downcall data could not be read into kernel memory.
-
-
-  55..11..  IINNVVAALLIIDDAATTEE
-
-
-  No information is available on this call.
-
-
-  55..22..  FFLLUUSSHH
-
-
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss None
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Flush the name cache entirely.
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Venus issues this call upon startup and when it dies. This
-  is to prevent stale cache information being held.  Some operating
-  systems allow the kernel name cache to be switched off dynamically.
-  When this is done, this downcall is made.
-
-
-  55..33..  PPUURRGGEEUUSSEERR
-
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-          struct cfs_purgeuser_out {/* CFS_PURGEUSER is a venus->kernel call */
-              struct CodaCred cred;
-          } cfs_purgeuser;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Remove all entries in the cache carrying the Cred.  This
-  call is issued when tokens for a user expire or are flushed.
-
-
-  55..44..  ZZAAPPFFIILLEE
-
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-          struct cfs_zapfile_out {  /* CFS_ZAPFILE is a venus->kernel call */
-              ViceFid CodaFid;
-          } cfs_zapfile;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Remove all entries which have the (dir vnode, name) pair.
-  This is issued as a result of an invalidation of cached attributes of
-  a vnode.
-
-  NNOOTTEE Call is not named correctly in NetBSD and Mach.  The minicache
-  zapfile routine takes different arguments. Linux does not implement
-  the invalidation of attributes correctly.
-
-
-
-  55..55..  ZZAAPPDDIIRR
-
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-          struct cfs_zapdir_out {   /* CFS_ZAPDIR is a venus->kernel call */
-              ViceFid CodaFid;
-          } cfs_zapdir;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Remove all entries in the cache lying in a directory
-  CodaFid, and all children of this directory. This call is issued when
-  Venus receives a callback on the directory.
-
-
-  55..66..  ZZAAPPVVNNOODDEE
-
-
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-          struct cfs_zapvnode_out { /* CFS_ZAPVNODE is a venus->kernel call */
-              struct CodaCred cred;
-              ViceFid VFid;
-          } cfs_zapvnode;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Remove all entries in the cache carrying the cred and VFid
-  as in the arguments. This downcall is probably never issued.
-
-
-  55..77..  PPUURRGGEEFFIIDD
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-          struct cfs_purgefid_out { /* CFS_PURGEFID is a venus->kernel call */
-              ViceFid CodaFid;
-          } cfs_purgefid;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn Flush the attribute for the file. If it is a dir (odd
-  vnode), purge its children from the namecache and remove the file from the
-  namecache.
-
-
-
-  55..88..  RREEPPLLAACCEE
-
-
-  SSuummmmaarryy Replace the Fid's for a collection of names.
-
-  AArrgguummeennttss
-
-          struct cfs_replace_out { /* cfs_replace is a venus->kernel call */
-              ViceFid NewFid;
-              ViceFid OldFid;
-          } cfs_replace;
-
-
-
-  DDeessccrriippttiioonn This routine replaces a ViceFid in the name cache with
-  another.  It is added to allow Venus during reintegration to replace
-  locally allocated temp fids while disconnected with global fids even
-  when the reference counts on those fids are not zero.
-
-  0wpage
-
-  66..  IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn aanndd cclleeaannuupp
-
-
-  This section gives brief hints as to desirable features for the Coda
-  FS Driver at startup and upon shutdown or Venus failures.  Before
-  entering the discussion it is useful to repeat that the Coda FS Driver
-  maintains the following data:
-
-
-  1. message queues
-
-  2. cnodes
-
-  3. name cache entries
-
-     The name cache entries are entirely private to the driver, so they
-     can easily be manipulated.   The message queues will generally have
-     clear points of initialization and destruction.  The cnodes are
-     much more delicate.  User processes hold reference counts in Coda
-     filesystems and it can be difficult to clean up the cnodes.
-
-  It can expect requests through:
-
-  1. the message subsystem
-
-  2. the VFS layer
-
-  3. pioctl interface
-
-     Currently the _p_i_o_c_t_l passes through the VFS for Coda so we can
-     treat these similarly.
-
-
-  66..11..  RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss
-
-
-  The following requirements should be accommodated:
-
-  1. The message queues should have open and close routines.  On Unix
-     the opening of the character devices are such routines.
-
-  +o  Before opening, no messages can be placed.
-
-  +o  Opening will remove any old messages still pending.
-
-  +o  Close will notify any sleeping processes that their upcall cannot
-     be completed.
-
-  +o  Close will free all memory allocated by the message queues.
-
-
-  2. At open the namecache shall be initialized to empty state.
-
-  3. Before the message queues are open, all VFS operations will fail.
-     Fortunately this can be achieved by making sure than mounting the
-     Coda filesystem cannot succeed before opening.
-
-  4. After closing of the queues, no VFS operations can succeed.  Here
-     one needs to be careful, since a few operations (lookup,
-     read/write, readdir) can proceed without upcalls.  These must be
-     explicitly blocked.
-
-  5. Upon closing the namecache shall be flushed and disabled.
-
-  6. All memory held by cnodes can be freed without relying on upcalls.
-
-  7. Unmounting the file system can be done without relying on upcalls.
-
-  8. Mounting the Coda filesystem should fail gracefully if Venus cannot
-     get the rootfid or the attributes of the rootfid.  The latter is
-     best implemented by Venus fetching these objects before attempting
-     to mount.
-
-  NNOOTTEE  NetBSD in particular but also Linux have not implemented the
-  above requirements fully.  For smooth operation this needs to be
-  corrected.
-
-
-

Documentation/filesystems/index.rst

···
    btrfs
    cifs/cifsroot
    ceph
+   coda
    cramfs
    debugfs
    dlmfs

MAINTAINERS

···
 L:	[e-mail]
 S:	Maintained
 W:	http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/
-F:	Documentation/filesystems/coda.txt
+F:	Documentation/filesystems/coda.rst
 F:	fs/coda/
 F:	include/linux/coda*.h
 F:	include/uapi/linux/coda*.h

fs/coda/Kconfig

···
 	  *client*.  You will need user level code as well, both for the
 	  client and server.  Servers are currently user level, i.e. they need
 	  no kernel support.  Please read
-	  <file:Documentation/filesystems/coda.txt> and check out the Coda
+	  <file:Documentation/filesystems/coda.rst> and check out the Coda
 	  home page <http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu/>.
 
 	  To compile the coda client support as a module, choose M here: the