netfilter: replace list_head with single linked list

The netfilter hook list never uses the prev pointer, and so can be trimmed to
be a simple singly-linked list.

In addition to having a more light weight structure for hook traversal,
struct net becomes 5568 bytes (down from 6400) and struct net_device becomes
2176 bytes (down from 2240).

Signed-off-by: Aaron Conole <[e-mail]>
Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <[e-mail]>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <[e-mail]>

include/linux/netdevice.h

···
 #endif
 	struct netdev_queue __rcu *ingress_queue;
 #ifdef CONFIG_NETFILTER_INGRESS
-	struct list_head	nf_hooks_ingress;
+	struct nf_hook_entry __rcu *nf_hooks_ingress;
 #endif
 
 	unsigned char		broadcast[MAX_ADDR_LEN];

include/linux/netfilter.h

···
 	struct net_device *out;
 	struct sock *sk;
 	struct net *net;
-	struct list_head *hook_list;
+	struct nf_hook_entry __rcu *hook_entries;
 	int (*okfn)(struct net *, struct sock *, struct sk_buff *);
 };
 
+typedef unsigned int nf_hookfn(void *priv,
+			       struct sk_buff *skb,
+			       const struct nf_hook_state *state);
+struct nf_hook_ops {
+	struct list_head	list;
+
+	/* User fills in from here down. */
+	nf_hookfn		*hook;
+	struct net_device	*dev;
+	void			*priv;
+	u_int8_t		pf;
+	unsigned int		hooknum;
+	/* Hooks are ordered in ascending priority. */
+	int			priority;
+};
+
+struct nf_hook_entry {
+	struct nf_hook_entry __rcu	*next;
+	struct nf_hook_ops		ops;
+	const struct nf_hook_ops	*orig_ops;
+};
+
 static inline void nf_hook_state_init(struct nf_hook_state *p,
-				      struct list_head *hook_list,
+				      struct nf_hook_entry *hook_entry,
 				      unsigned int hook,
 				      int thresh, u_int8_t pf,
 				      struct net_device *indev,
···
 	p->out = outdev;
 	p->sk = sk;
 	p->net = net;
-	p->hook_list = hook_list;
+	RCU_INIT_POINTER(p->hook_entries, hook_entry);
 	p->okfn = okfn;
 }
 
-typedef unsigned int nf_hookfn(void *priv,
-			       struct sk_buff *skb,
-			       const struct nf_hook_state *state);
 
-struct nf_hook_ops {
-	struct list_head 	list;
-
-	/* User fills in from here down. */
-	nf_hookfn		*hook;
-	struct net_device	*dev;
-	void			*priv;
-	u_int8_t		pf;
-	unsigned int		hooknum;
-	/* Hooks are ordered in ascending priority. */
-	int			priority;
-};
 
 struct nf_sockopt_ops {
 	struct list_head list;
···
 				 int (*okfn)(struct net *, struct sock *, struct sk_buff *),
 				 int thresh)
 {
-	struct list_head *hook_list;
+	struct nf_hook_entry *hook_head;
+	int ret = 1;
 
 #ifdef HAVE_JUMP_LABEL
 	if (__builtin_constant_p(pf) &&
···
 		return 1;
 #endif
 
-	hook_list = &net->nf.hooks[pf][hook];
-
-	if (!list_empty(hook_list)) {
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	hook_head = rcu_dereference(net->nf.hooks[pf][hook]);
+	if (hook_head) {
 		struct nf_hook_state state;
-		int ret;
 
-		/* We may already have this, but read-locks nest anyway */
-		rcu_read_lock();
-		nf_hook_state_init(&state, hook_list, hook, thresh,
+		nf_hook_state_init(&state, hook_head, hook, thresh,
 				   pf, indev, outdev, sk, net, okfn);
 
 		ret = nf_hook_slow(skb, &state);
-		rcu_read_unlock();
-		return ret;
 	}
-	return 1;
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static inline int nf_hook(u_int8_t pf, unsigned int hook, struct net *net,

include/linux/netfilter_ingress.h

···
 	if (!static_key_false(&nf_hooks_needed[NFPROTO_NETDEV][NF_NETDEV_INGRESS]))
 		return false;
 #endif
-	return !list_empty(&skb->dev->nf_hooks_ingress);
+	return rcu_access_pointer(skb->dev->nf_hooks_ingress);
 }
 
 /* caller must hold rcu_read_lock */
 static inline int nf_hook_ingress(struct sk_buff *skb)
 {
+	struct nf_hook_entry *e = rcu_dereference(skb->dev->nf_hooks_ingress);
 	struct nf_hook_state state;
 
-	nf_hook_state_init(&state, &skb->dev->nf_hooks_ingress,
-			   NF_NETDEV_INGRESS, INT_MIN, NFPROTO_NETDEV,
-			   skb->dev, NULL, NULL, dev_net(skb->dev), NULL);
+	/* Must recheck the ingress hook head, in the event it became NULL
+	 * after the check in nf_hook_ingress_active evaluated to true.
+	 */
+	if (unlikely(!e))
+		return 0;
+
+	nf_hook_state_init(&state, e, NF_NETDEV_INGRESS, INT_MIN,
+			   NFPROTO_NETDEV, skb->dev, NULL, NULL,
+			   dev_net(skb->dev), NULL);
 	return nf_hook_slow(skb, &state);
 }
 
 static inline void nf_hook_ingress_init(struct net_device *dev)
 {
-	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&dev->nf_hooks_ingress);
+	RCU_INIT_POINTER(dev->nf_hooks_ingress, NULL);
 }
 #else /* CONFIG_NETFILTER_INGRESS */
 static inline int nf_hook_ingress_active(struct sk_buff *skb)

include/net/netfilter/nf_queue.h

···
 	struct sk_buff		*skb;
 	unsigned int		id;
 
-	struct nf_hook_ops	*elem;
 	struct nf_hook_state	state;
 	u16			size; /* sizeof(entry) + saved route keys */
 
···
 	int		(*outfn)(struct nf_queue_entry *entry,
 				 unsigned int queuenum);
 	void		(*nf_hook_drop)(struct net *net,
-					struct nf_hook_ops *ops);
+					const struct nf_hook_entry *hooks);
 };
 
 void nf_register_queue_handler(struct net *net, const struct nf_queue_handler *qh);

include/net/netns/netfilter.h

···
 #ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
 	struct ctl_table_header *nf_log_dir_header;
 #endif
-	struct list_head hooks[NFPROTO_NUMPROTO][NF_MAX_HOOKS];
+	struct nf_hook_entry __rcu *hooks[NFPROTO_NUMPROTO][NF_MAX_HOOKS];
 };
 #endif

net/bridge/br_netfilter_hooks.c

···
 		      int (*okfn)(struct net *, struct sock *,
 				  struct sk_buff *))
 {
-	struct nf_hook_ops *elem;
+	struct nf_hook_entry *elem;
 	struct nf_hook_state state;
-	struct list_head *head;
 	int ret;
 
-	head = &net->nf.hooks[NFPROTO_BRIDGE][hook];
+	elem = rcu_dereference(net->nf.hooks[NFPROTO_BRIDGE][hook]);
 
-	list_for_each_entry_rcu(elem, head, list) {
-		struct nf_hook_ops *next;
+	while (elem && (elem->ops.priority <= NF_BR_PRI_BRNF))
+		elem = rcu_dereference(elem->next);
 
-		next = list_entry_rcu(list_next_rcu(&elem->list),
-				      struct nf_hook_ops, list);
-		if (next->priority <= NF_BR_PRI_BRNF)
-			continue;
-	}
-
-	if (&elem->list == head)
+	if (!elem)
 		return okfn(net, sk, skb);
 
 	/* We may already have this, but read-locks nest anyway */
 	rcu_read_lock();
-	nf_hook_state_init(&state, head, hook, NF_BR_PRI_BRNF + 1,
+	nf_hook_state_init(&state, elem, hook, NF_BR_PRI_BRNF + 1,
 			   NFPROTO_BRIDGE, indev, outdev, sk, net, okfn);
 
 	ret = nf_hook_slow(skb, &state);

net/netfilter/core.c

···
 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
 #include <linux/mutex.h>
 #include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
 #include <net/net_namespace.h>
 #include <net/sock.h>
 
···
 #endif
 
 static DEFINE_MUTEX(nf_hook_mutex);
+#define nf_entry_dereference(e) \
+	rcu_dereference_protected(e, lockdep_is_held(&nf_hook_mutex))
 
-static struct list_head *nf_find_hook_list(struct net *net,
-					   const struct nf_hook_ops *reg)
+static struct nf_hook_entry *nf_hook_entry_head(struct net *net,
+						const struct nf_hook_ops *reg)
 {
-	struct list_head *hook_list = NULL;
+	struct nf_hook_entry *hook_head = NULL;
 
 	if (reg->pf != NFPROTO_NETDEV)
-		hook_list = &net->nf.hooks[reg->pf][reg->hooknum];
+		hook_head = nf_entry_dereference(net->nf.hooks[reg->pf]
+						 [reg->hooknum]);
 	else if (reg->hooknum == NF_NETDEV_INGRESS) {
 #ifdef CONFIG_NETFILTER_INGRESS
 		if (reg->dev && dev_net(reg->dev) == net)
-			hook_list = &reg->dev->nf_hooks_ingress;
+			hook_head =
+				nf_entry_dereference(
+					reg->dev->nf_hooks_ingress);
 #endif
 	}
-	return hook_list;
+	return hook_head;
 }
 
-struct nf_hook_entry {
-	const struct nf_hook_ops	*orig_ops;
-	struct nf_hook_ops		ops;
-};
+/* must hold nf_hook_mutex */
+static void nf_set_hooks_head(struct net *net, const struct nf_hook_ops *reg,
+			      struct nf_hook_entry *entry)
+{
+	switch (reg->pf) {
+	case NFPROTO_NETDEV:
+		/* We already checked in nf_register_net_hook() that this is
+		 * used from ingress.
+		 */
+		rcu_assign_pointer(reg->dev->nf_hooks_ingress, entry);
+		break;
+	default:
+		rcu_assign_pointer(net->nf.hooks[reg->pf][reg->hooknum],
+				   entry);
+		break;
+	}
+}
 
 int nf_register_net_hook(struct net *net, const struct nf_hook_ops *reg)
 {
-	struct list_head *hook_list;
+	struct nf_hook_entry *hooks_entry;
 	struct nf_hook_entry *entry;
-	struct nf_hook_ops *elem;
 
 	if (reg->pf == NFPROTO_NETDEV &&
 	    (reg->hooknum != NF_NETDEV_INGRESS ||
···
 
 	entry->orig_ops	= reg;
 	entry->ops	= *reg;
-
-	hook_list = nf_find_hook_list(net, reg);
-	if (!hook_list) {
-		kfree(entry);
-		return -ENOENT;
-	}
+	entry->next	= NULL;
 
 	mutex_lock(&nf_hook_mutex);
-	list_for_each_entry(elem, hook_list, list) {
-		if (reg->priority < elem->priority)
-			break;
+	hooks_entry = nf_hook_entry_head(net, reg);
+
+	if (hooks_entry && hooks_entry->orig_ops->priority > reg->priority) {
+		/* This is the case where we need to insert at the head */
+		entry->next = hooks_entry;
+		hooks_entry = NULL;
 	}
-	list_add_rcu(&entry->ops.list, elem->list.prev);
+
+	while (hooks_entry &&
+		reg->priority >= hooks_entry->orig_ops->priority &&
+		nf_entry_dereference(hooks_entry->next)) {
+		hooks_entry = nf_entry_dereference(hooks_entry->next);
+	}
+
+	if (hooks_entry) {
+		entry->next = nf_entry_dereference(hooks_entry->next);
+		rcu_assign_pointer(hooks_entry->next, entry);
+	} else {
+		nf_set_hooks_head(net, reg, entry);
+	}
+
 	mutex_unlock(&nf_hook_mutex);
 #ifdef CONFIG_NETFILTER_INGRESS
 	if (reg->pf == NFPROTO_NETDEV && reg->hooknum == NF_NETDEV_INGRESS)
···
 
 void nf_unregister_net_hook(struct net *net, const struct nf_hook_ops *reg)
 {
-	struct list_head *hook_list;
-	struct nf_hook_entry *entry;
-	struct nf_hook_ops *elem;
-
-	hook_list = nf_find_hook_list(net, reg);
-	if (!hook_list)
-		return;
+	struct nf_hook_entry *hooks_entry;
 
 	mutex_lock(&nf_hook_mutex);
-	list_for_each_entry(elem, hook_list, list) {
-		entry = container_of(elem, struct nf_hook_entry, ops);
-		if (entry->orig_ops == reg) {
-			list_del_rcu(&entry->ops.list);
-			break;
-		}
+	hooks_entry = nf_hook_entry_head(net, reg);
+	if (hooks_entry->orig_ops == reg) {
+		nf_set_hooks_head(net, reg,
+				  nf_entry_dereference(hooks_entry->next));
+		goto unlock;
 	}
+	while (hooks_entry && nf_entry_dereference(hooks_entry->next)) {
+		struct nf_hook_entry *next =
+			nf_entry_dereference(hooks_entry->next);
+		struct nf_hook_entry *nnext;
+
+		if (next->orig_ops != reg) {
+			hooks_entry = next;
+			continue;
+		}
+		nnext = nf_entry_dereference(next->next);
+		rcu_assign_pointer(hooks_entry->next, nnext);
+		hooks_entry = next;
+		break;
+	}
+
+unlock:
 	mutex_unlock(&nf_hook_mutex);
-	if (&elem->list == hook_list) {
+	if (!hooks_entry) {
 		WARN(1, "nf_unregister_net_hook: hook not found!\n");
 		return;
 	}
···
 	static_key_slow_dec(&nf_hooks_needed[reg->pf][reg->hooknum]);
 #endif
 	synchronize_net();
-	nf_queue_nf_hook_drop(net, &entry->ops);
+	nf_queue_nf_hook_drop(net, hooks_entry);
 	/* other cpu might still process nfqueue verdict that used reg */
 	synchronize_net();
-	kfree(entry);
+	kfree(hooks_entry);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(nf_unregister_net_hook);
 
···
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(nf_unregister_hooks);
 
-unsigned int nf_iterate(struct list_head *head,
-			struct sk_buff *skb,
+unsigned int nf_iterate(struct sk_buff *skb,
 			struct nf_hook_state *state,
-			struct nf_hook_ops **elemp)
+			struct nf_hook_entry **entryp)
 {
 	unsigned int verdict;
 
···
 	 * The caller must not block between calls to this
 	 * function because of risk of continuing from deleted element.
 	 */
-	list_for_each_entry_continue_rcu((*elemp), head, list) {
-		if (state->thresh > (*elemp)->priority)
+	while (*entryp) {
+		if (state->thresh > (*entryp)->ops.priority) {
+			*entryp = rcu_dereference((*entryp)->next);
 			continue;
+		}
 
 		/* Optimization: we don't need to hold module
 		   reference here, since function can't sleep. --RR */
 repeat:
-		verdict = (*elemp)->hook((*elemp)->priv, skb, state);
+		verdict = (*entryp)->ops.hook((*entryp)->ops.priv, skb, state);
 		if (verdict != NF_ACCEPT) {
 #ifdef CONFIG_NETFILTER_DEBUG
 			if (unlikely((verdict & NF_VERDICT_MASK)
 							> NF_MAX_VERDICT)) {
 				NFDEBUG("Evil return from %p(%u).\n",
-					(*elemp)->hook, state->hook);
+					(*entryp)->ops.hook, state->hook);
+				*entryp = rcu_dereference((*entryp)->next);
 				continue;
 			}
 #endif
···
 				return verdict;
 			goto repeat;
 		}
+		*entryp = rcu_dereference((*entryp)->next);
 	}
 	return NF_ACCEPT;
 }
···
  * -EPERM for NF_DROP, 0 otherwise.  Caller must hold rcu_read_lock. */
 int nf_hook_slow(struct sk_buff *skb, struct nf_hook_state *state)
 {
-	struct nf_hook_ops *elem;
+	struct nf_hook_entry *entry;
 	unsigned int verdict;
 	int ret = 0;
 
-	elem = list_entry_rcu(state->hook_list, struct nf_hook_ops, list);
+	entry = rcu_dereference(state->hook_entries);
 next_hook:
-	verdict = nf_iterate(state->hook_list, skb, state, &elem);
+	verdict = nf_iterate(skb, state, &entry);
 	if (verdict == NF_ACCEPT || verdict == NF_STOP) {
 		ret = 1;
 	} else if ((verdict & NF_VERDICT_MASK) == NF_DROP) {
···
 		if (ret == 0)
 			ret = -EPERM;
 	} else if ((verdict & NF_VERDICT_MASK) == NF_QUEUE) {
-		int err = nf_queue(skb, elem, state,
-				   verdict >> NF_VERDICT_QBITS);
+		int err;
+
+		RCU_INIT_POINTER(state->hook_entries, entry);
+		err = nf_queue(skb, state, verdict >> NF_VERDICT_QBITS);
 		if (err < 0) {
 			if (err == -ESRCH &&
 			   (verdict & NF_VERDICT_FLAG_QUEUE_BYPASS))
···
 
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(net->nf.hooks); i++) {
 		for (h = 0; h < NF_MAX_HOOKS; h++)
-			INIT_LIST_HEAD(&net->nf.hooks[i][h]);
+			RCU_INIT_POINTER(net->nf.hooks[i][h], NULL);
 	}
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS

net/netfilter/nf_internals.h

···
 
 
 /* core.c */
-unsigned int nf_iterate(struct list_head *head, struct sk_buff *skb,
-			struct nf_hook_state *state, struct nf_hook_ops **elemp);
+unsigned int nf_iterate(struct sk_buff *skb, struct nf_hook_state *state,
+			struct nf_hook_entry **entryp);
 
 /* nf_queue.c */
-int nf_queue(struct sk_buff *skb, struct nf_hook_ops *elem,
-	     struct nf_hook_state *state, unsigned int queuenum);
-void nf_queue_nf_hook_drop(struct net *net, struct nf_hook_ops *ops);
+int nf_queue(struct sk_buff *skb, struct nf_hook_state *state,
+	     unsigned int queuenum);
+void nf_queue_nf_hook_drop(struct net *net, const struct nf_hook_entry *entry);
 int __init netfilter_queue_init(void);
 
 /* nf_log.c */

net/netfilter/nf_queue.c

···
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(nf_queue_entry_get_refs);
 
-void nf_queue_nf_hook_drop(struct net *net, struct nf_hook_ops *ops)
+void nf_queue_nf_hook_drop(struct net *net, const struct nf_hook_entry *entry)
 {
 	const struct nf_queue_handler *qh;
 
 	rcu_read_lock();
 	qh = rcu_dereference(net->nf.queue_handler);
 	if (qh)
-		qh->nf_hook_drop(net, ops);
+		qh->nf_hook_drop(net, entry);
 	rcu_read_unlock();
 }
 
···
  * through nf_reinject().
  */
 int nf_queue(struct sk_buff *skb,
-	     struct nf_hook_ops *elem,
 	     struct nf_hook_state *state,
 	     unsigned int queuenum)
 {
···
 
 	*entry = (struct nf_queue_entry) {
 		.skb	= skb,
-		.elem	= elem,
 		.state	= *state,
 		.size	= sizeof(*entry) + afinfo->route_key_size,
 	};
···
 
 void nf_reinject(struct nf_queue_entry *entry, unsigned int verdict)
 {
+	struct nf_hook_entry *hook_entry;
 	struct sk_buff *skb = entry->skb;
-	struct nf_hook_ops *elem = entry->elem;
 	const struct nf_afinfo *afinfo;
+	struct nf_hook_ops *elem;
 	int err;
+
+	hook_entry = rcu_dereference(entry->state.hook_entries);
+	elem = &hook_entry->ops;
 
 	nf_queue_entry_release_refs(entry);
 
···
 
 	if (verdict == NF_ACCEPT) {
 	next_hook:
-		verdict = nf_iterate(entry->state.hook_list,
-				     skb, &entry->state, &elem);
+		verdict = nf_iterate(skb, &entry->state, &hook_entry);
 	}
 
 	switch (verdict & NF_VERDICT_MASK) {
···
 		local_bh_enable();
 		break;
 	case NF_QUEUE:
-		err = nf_queue(skb, elem, &entry->state,
+		RCU_INIT_POINTER(entry->state.hook_entries, hook_entry);
+		err = nf_queue(skb, &entry->state,
 			       verdict >> NF_VERDICT_QBITS);
 		if (err < 0) {
 			if (err == -ESRCH &&

net/netfilter/nfnetlink_queue.c

···
 	.notifier_call	= nfqnl_rcv_dev_event,
 };
 
-static int nf_hook_cmp(struct nf_queue_entry *entry, unsigned long ops_ptr)
+static int nf_hook_cmp(struct nf_queue_entry *entry, unsigned long entry_ptr)
 {
-	return entry->elem == (struct nf_hook_ops *)ops_ptr;
+	return rcu_access_pointer(entry->state.hook_entries) ==
+		(struct nf_hook_entry *)entry_ptr;
 }
 
-static void nfqnl_nf_hook_drop(struct net *net, struct nf_hook_ops *hook)
+static void nfqnl_nf_hook_drop(struct net *net,
+			       const struct nf_hook_entry *hook)
 {
 	struct nfnl_queue_net *q = nfnl_queue_pernet(net);
 	int i;