Merge branch 'akpm' (patches from Andrew)

Merge yet more updates from Andrew Morton:
"A few final bits:

- large changes to vmalloc, yielding large performance benefits

- tweak the console-flush-on-panic code

- a few fixes"

* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <[e-mail]>:
panic: add an option to replay all the printk message in buffer
initramfs: don't free a non-existent initrd
fs/writeback.c: use rcu_barrier() to wait for inflight wb switches going into workqueue when umount
mm/compaction.c: correct zone boundary handling when isolating pages from a pageblock
mm/vmap: add DEBUG_AUGMENT_LOWEST_MATCH_CHECK macro
mm/vmap: add DEBUG_AUGMENT_PROPAGATE_CHECK macro
mm/vmalloc.c: keep track of free blocks for vmap allocation

Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt

···
 			bit 2: print timer info
 			bit 3: print locks info if CONFIG_LOCKDEP is on
 			bit 4: print ftrace buffer
+			bit 5: print all printk messages in buffer
 
 	panic_on_warn	panic() instead of WARN().  Useful to cause kdump
 			on a WARN().

arch/powerpc/kernel/traps.c

···
 	kmsg_dump(KMSG_DUMP_PANIC);
 	bust_spinlocks(0);
 	debug_locks_off();
-	console_flush_on_panic();
+	console_flush_on_panic(CONSOLE_FLUSH_PENDING);
 }
 
 static unsigned long oops_begin(struct pt_regs *regs)

fs/fs-writeback.c

···
 
 	isw->inode = inode;
 
-	atomic_inc(&isw_nr_in_flight);
-
 	/*
 	 * In addition to synchronizing among switchers, I_WB_SWITCH tells
 	 * the RCU protected stat update paths to grab the i_page
···
 	 * Let's continue after I_WB_SWITCH is guaranteed to be visible.
 	 */
 	call_rcu(&isw->rcu_head, inode_switch_wbs_rcu_fn);
+
+	atomic_inc(&isw_nr_in_flight);
+
 	goto out_unlock;
 
 out_free:
···
 void cgroup_writeback_umount(void)
 {
 	if (atomic_read(&isw_nr_in_flight)) {
-		synchronize_rcu();
+		/*
+		 * Use rcu_barrier() to wait for all pending callbacks to
+		 * ensure that all in-flight wb switches are in the workqueue.
+		 */
+		rcu_barrier();
 		flush_workqueue(isw_wq);
 	}
 }

include/linux/console.h

···
 extern int console_set_on_cmdline;
 extern struct console *early_console;
 
+enum con_flush_mode {
+	CONSOLE_FLUSH_PENDING,
+	CONSOLE_REPLAY_ALL,
+};
+
 extern int add_preferred_console(char *name, int idx, char *options);
 extern void register_console(struct console *);
 extern int unregister_console(struct console *);
···
 extern void console_unlock(void);
 extern void console_conditional_schedule(void);
 extern void console_unblank(void);
-extern void console_flush_on_panic(void);
+extern void console_flush_on_panic(enum con_flush_mode mode);
 extern struct tty_driver *console_device(int *);
 extern void console_stop(struct console *);
 extern void console_start(struct console *);

include/linux/vmalloc.h

···
 struct vmap_area {
 	unsigned long va_start;
 	unsigned long va_end;
+
+	/*
+	 * Largest available free size in subtree.
+	 */
+	unsigned long subtree_max_size;
 	unsigned long flags;
 	struct rb_node rb_node;         /* address sorted rbtree */
 	struct list_head list;          /* address sorted list */
 	struct llist_node purge_list;    /* "lazy purge" list */
 	struct vm_struct *vm;
-	struct rcu_head rcu_head;
 };
 
 /*

init/initramfs.c

···
 	 * If the initrd region is overlapped with crashkernel reserved region,
 	 * free only memory that is not part of crashkernel region.
 	 */
-	if (!do_retain_initrd && !kexec_free_initrd())
+	if (!do_retain_initrd && initrd_start && !kexec_free_initrd())
 		free_initrd_mem(initrd_start, initrd_end);
 	initrd_start = 0;
 	initrd_end = 0;

kernel/panic.c

···
 #define PANIC_PRINT_TIMER_INFO		0x00000004
 #define PANIC_PRINT_LOCK_INFO		0x00000008
 #define PANIC_PRINT_FTRACE_INFO		0x00000010
+#define PANIC_PRINT_ALL_PRINTK_MSG	0x00000020
 unsigned long panic_print;
 
 ATOMIC_NOTIFIER_HEAD(panic_notifier_list);
···
 
 static void panic_print_sys_info(void)
 {
+	if (panic_print & PANIC_PRINT_ALL_PRINTK_MSG)
+		console_flush_on_panic(CONSOLE_REPLAY_ALL);
+
 	if (panic_print & PANIC_PRINT_TASK_INFO)
 		show_state();
 
···
 	 * panic() is not being callled from OOPS.
 	 */
 	debug_locks_off();
-	console_flush_on_panic();
+	console_flush_on_panic(CONSOLE_FLUSH_PENDING);
 
 	panic_print_sys_info();
 

kernel/printk/printk.c

···
 
 /**
  * console_flush_on_panic - flush console content on panic
+ * @mode: flush all messages in buffer or just the pending ones
  *
  * Immediately output all pending messages no matter what.
  */
-void console_flush_on_panic(void)
+void console_flush_on_panic(enum con_flush_mode mode)
 {
 	/*
 	 * If someone else is holding the console lock, trylock will fail
···
 	 */
 	console_trylock();
 	console_may_schedule = 0;
+
+	if (mode == CONSOLE_REPLAY_ALL) {
+		unsigned long flags;
+
+		logbuf_lock_irqsave(flags);
+		console_seq = log_first_seq;
+		console_idx = log_first_idx;
+		logbuf_unlock_irqrestore(flags);
+	}
 	console_unlock();
 }
 

mm/compaction.c

···
 
 	/* Pageblock boundaries */
 	start_pfn = pageblock_start_pfn(pfn);
-	end_pfn = min(start_pfn + pageblock_nr_pages, zone_end_pfn(cc->zone));
+	end_pfn = min(pageblock_end_pfn(pfn), zone_end_pfn(cc->zone)) - 1;
 
 	/* Scan before */
 	if (start_pfn != pfn) {
···
 
 	/* Scan after */
 	start_pfn = pfn + nr_isolated;
-	if (start_pfn != end_pfn)
+	if (start_pfn < end_pfn)
 		isolate_freepages_block(cc, &start_pfn, end_pfn, &cc->freepages, 1, false);
 
 	/* Skip this pageblock in the future as it's full or nearly full */

mm/vmalloc.c

···
 #include <linux/compiler.h>
 #include <linux/llist.h>
 #include <linux/bitops.h>
+#include <linux/rbtree_augmented.h>
 
 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
 #include <asm/tlbflush.h>
···
 
 /*** Global kva allocator ***/
 
+#define DEBUG_AUGMENT_PROPAGATE_CHECK 0
+#define DEBUG_AUGMENT_LOWEST_MATCH_CHECK 0
+
 #define VM_LAZY_FREE	0x02
 #define VM_VM_AREA	0x04
 
···
 LIST_HEAD(vmap_area_list);
 static LLIST_HEAD(vmap_purge_list);
 static struct rb_root vmap_area_root = RB_ROOT;
+static bool vmap_initialized __read_mostly;
 
-/* The vmap cache globals are protected by vmap_area_lock */
-static struct rb_node *free_vmap_cache;
-static unsigned long cached_hole_size;
-static unsigned long cached_vstart;
-static unsigned long cached_align;
+/*
+ * This kmem_cache is used for vmap_area objects. Instead of
+ * allocating from slab we reuse an object from this cache to
+ * make things faster. Especially in "no edge" splitting of
+ * free block.
+ */
+static struct kmem_cache *vmap_area_cachep;
 
-static unsigned long vmap_area_pcpu_hole;
+/*
+ * This linked list is used in pair with free_vmap_area_root.
+ * It gives O(1) access to prev/next to perform fast coalescing.
+ */
+static LIST_HEAD(free_vmap_area_list);
+
+/*
+ * This augment red-black tree represents the free vmap space.
+ * All vmap_area objects in this tree are sorted by va->va_start
+ * address. It is used for allocation and merging when a vmap
+ * object is released.
+ *
+ * Each vmap_area node contains a maximum available free block
+ * of its sub-tree, right or left. Therefore it is possible to
+ * find a lowest match of free area.
+ */
+static struct rb_root free_vmap_area_root = RB_ROOT;
+
+static __always_inline unsigned long
+va_size(struct vmap_area *va)
+{
+	return (va->va_end - va->va_start);
+}
+
+static __always_inline unsigned long
+get_subtree_max_size(struct rb_node *node)
+{
+	struct vmap_area *va;
+
+	va = rb_entry_safe(node, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
+	return va ? va->subtree_max_size : 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Gets called when remove the node and rotate.
+ */
+static __always_inline unsigned long
+compute_subtree_max_size(struct vmap_area *va)
+{
+	return max3(va_size(va),
+		get_subtree_max_size(va->rb_node.rb_left),
+		get_subtree_max_size(va->rb_node.rb_right));
+}
+
+RB_DECLARE_CALLBACKS(static, free_vmap_area_rb_augment_cb,
+	struct vmap_area, rb_node, unsigned long, subtree_max_size,
+	compute_subtree_max_size)
+
+static void purge_vmap_area_lazy(void);
+static BLOCKING_NOTIFIER_HEAD(vmap_notify_list);
+static unsigned long lazy_max_pages(void);
 
 static struct vmap_area *__find_vmap_area(unsigned long addr)
 {
···
 	return NULL;
 }
 
-static void __insert_vmap_area(struct vmap_area *va)
+/*
+ * This function returns back addresses of parent node
+ * and its left or right link for further processing.
+ */
+static __always_inline struct rb_node **
+find_va_links(struct vmap_area *va,
+	struct rb_root *root, struct rb_node *from,
+	struct rb_node **parent)
 {
-	struct rb_node **p = &vmap_area_root.rb_node;
-	struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
-	struct rb_node *tmp;
+	struct vmap_area *tmp_va;
+	struct rb_node **link;
 
-	while (*p) {
-		struct vmap_area *tmp_va;
-
-		parent = *p;
-		tmp_va = rb_entry(parent, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
-		if (va->va_start < tmp_va->va_end)
-			p = &(*p)->rb_left;
-		else if (va->va_end > tmp_va->va_start)
-			p = &(*p)->rb_right;
-		else
-			BUG();
+	if (root) {
+		link = &root->rb_node;
+		if (unlikely(!*link)) {
+			*parent = NULL;
+			return link;
+		}
+	} else {
+		link = &from;
 	}
 
-	rb_link_node(&va->rb_node, parent, p);
-	rb_insert_color(&va->rb_node, &vmap_area_root);
+	/*
+	 * Go to the bottom of the tree. When we hit the last point
+	 * we end up with parent rb_node and correct direction, i name
+	 * it link, where the new va->rb_node will be attached to.
+	 */
+	do {
+		tmp_va = rb_entry(*link, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
 
-	/* address-sort this list */
-	tmp = rb_prev(&va->rb_node);
-	if (tmp) {
-		struct vmap_area *prev;
-		prev = rb_entry(tmp, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
-		list_add_rcu(&va->list, &prev->list);
-	} else
-		list_add_rcu(&va->list, &vmap_area_list);
+		/*
+		 * During the traversal we also do some sanity check.
+		 * Trigger the BUG() if there are sides(left/right)
+		 * or full overlaps.
+		 */
+		if (va->va_start < tmp_va->va_end &&
+				va->va_end <= tmp_va->va_start)
+			link = &(*link)->rb_left;
+		else if (va->va_end > tmp_va->va_start &&
+				va->va_start >= tmp_va->va_end)
+			link = &(*link)->rb_right;
+		else
+			BUG();
+	} while (*link);
+
+	*parent = &tmp_va->rb_node;
+	return link;
 }
 
-static void purge_vmap_area_lazy(void);
+static __always_inline struct list_head *
+get_va_next_sibling(struct rb_node *parent, struct rb_node **link)
+{
+	struct list_head *list;
 
-static BLOCKING_NOTIFIER_HEAD(vmap_notify_list);
+	if (unlikely(!parent))
+		/*
+		 * The red-black tree where we try to find VA neighbors
+		 * before merging or inserting is empty, i.e. it means
+		 * there is no free vmap space. Normally it does not
+		 * happen but we handle this case anyway.
+		 */
+		return NULL;
+
+	list = &rb_entry(parent, struct vmap_area, rb_node)->list;
+	return (&parent->rb_right == link ? list->next : list);
+}
+
+static __always_inline void
+link_va(struct vmap_area *va, struct rb_root *root,
+	struct rb_node *parent, struct rb_node **link, struct list_head *head)
+{
+	/*
+	 * VA is still not in the list, but we can
+	 * identify its future previous list_head node.
+	 */
+	if (likely(parent)) {
+		head = &rb_entry(parent, struct vmap_area, rb_node)->list;
+		if (&parent->rb_right != link)
+			head = head->prev;
+	}
+
+	/* Insert to the rb-tree */
+	rb_link_node(&va->rb_node, parent, link);
+	if (root == &free_vmap_area_root) {
+		/*
+		 * Some explanation here. Just perform simple insertion
+		 * to the tree. We do not set va->subtree_max_size to
+		 * its current size before calling rb_insert_augmented().
+		 * It is because of we populate the tree from the bottom
+		 * to parent levels when the node _is_ in the tree.
+		 *
+		 * Therefore we set subtree_max_size to zero after insertion,
+		 * to let __augment_tree_propagate_from() puts everything to
+		 * the correct order later on.
+		 */
+		rb_insert_augmented(&va->rb_node,
+			root, &free_vmap_area_rb_augment_cb);
+		va->subtree_max_size = 0;
+	} else {
+		rb_insert_color(&va->rb_node, root);
+	}
+
+	/* Address-sort this list */
+	list_add(&va->list, head);
+}
+
+static __always_inline void
+unlink_va(struct vmap_area *va, struct rb_root *root)
+{
+	/*
+	 * During merging a VA node can be empty, therefore
+	 * not linked with the tree nor list. Just check it.
+	 */
+	if (!RB_EMPTY_NODE(&va->rb_node)) {
+		if (root == &free_vmap_area_root)
+			rb_erase_augmented(&va->rb_node,
+				root, &free_vmap_area_rb_augment_cb);
+		else
+			rb_erase(&va->rb_node, root);
+
+		list_del(&va->list);
+		RB_CLEAR_NODE(&va->rb_node);
+	}
+}
+
+#if DEBUG_AUGMENT_PROPAGATE_CHECK
+static void
+augment_tree_propagate_check(struct rb_node *n)
+{
+	struct vmap_area *va;
+	struct rb_node *node;
+	unsigned long size;
+	bool found = false;
+
+	if (n == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	va = rb_entry(n, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
+	size = va->subtree_max_size;
+	node = n;
+
+	while (node) {
+		va = rb_entry(node, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
+
+		if (get_subtree_max_size(node->rb_left) == size) {
+			node = node->rb_left;
+		} else {
+			if (va_size(va) == size) {
+				found = true;
+				break;
+			}
+
+			node = node->rb_right;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!found) {
+		va = rb_entry(n, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
+		pr_emerg("tree is corrupted: %lu, %lu\n",
+			va_size(va), va->subtree_max_size);
+	}
+
+	augment_tree_propagate_check(n->rb_left);
+	augment_tree_propagate_check(n->rb_right);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * This function populates subtree_max_size from bottom to upper
+ * levels starting from VA point. The propagation must be done
+ * when VA size is modified by changing its va_start/va_end. Or
+ * in case of newly inserting of VA to the tree.
+ *
+ * It means that __augment_tree_propagate_from() must be called:
+ * - After VA has been inserted to the tree(free path);
+ * - After VA has been shrunk(allocation path);
+ * - After VA has been increased(merging path).
+ *
+ * Please note that, it does not mean that upper parent nodes
+ * and their subtree_max_size are recalculated all the time up
+ * to the root node.
+ *
+ *       4--8
+ *        /\
+ *       /  \
+ *      /    \
+ *    2--2  8--8
+ *
+ * For example if we modify the node 4, shrinking it to 2, then
+ * no any modification is required. If we shrink the node 2 to 1
+ * its subtree_max_size is updated only, and set to 1. If we shrink
+ * the node 8 to 6, then its subtree_max_size is set to 6 and parent
+ * node becomes 4--6.
+ */
+static __always_inline void
+augment_tree_propagate_from(struct vmap_area *va)
+{
+	struct rb_node *node = &va->rb_node;
+	unsigned long new_va_sub_max_size;
+
+	while (node) {
+		va = rb_entry(node, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
+		new_va_sub_max_size = compute_subtree_max_size(va);
+
+		/*
+		 * If the newly calculated maximum available size of the
+		 * subtree is equal to the current one, then it means that
+		 * the tree is propagated correctly. So we have to stop at
+		 * this point to save cycles.
+		 */
+		if (va->subtree_max_size == new_va_sub_max_size)
+			break;
+
+		va->subtree_max_size = new_va_sub_max_size;
+		node = rb_parent(&va->rb_node);
+	}
+
+#if DEBUG_AUGMENT_PROPAGATE_CHECK
+	augment_tree_propagate_check(free_vmap_area_root.rb_node);
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+insert_vmap_area(struct vmap_area *va,
+	struct rb_root *root, struct list_head *head)
+{
+	struct rb_node **link;
+	struct rb_node *parent;
+
+	link = find_va_links(va, root, NULL, &parent);
+	link_va(va, root, parent, link, head);
+}
+
+static void
+insert_vmap_area_augment(struct vmap_area *va,
+	struct rb_node *from, struct rb_root *root,
+	struct list_head *head)
+{
+	struct rb_node **link;
+	struct rb_node *parent;
+
+	if (from)
+		link = find_va_links(va, NULL, from, &parent);
+	else
+		link = find_va_links(va, root, NULL, &parent);
+
+	link_va(va, root, parent, link, head);
+	augment_tree_propagate_from(va);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Merge de-allocated chunk of VA memory with previous
+ * and next free blocks. If coalesce is not done a new
+ * free area is inserted. If VA has been merged, it is
+ * freed.
+ */
+static __always_inline void
+merge_or_add_vmap_area(struct vmap_area *va,
+	struct rb_root *root, struct list_head *head)
+{
+	struct vmap_area *sibling;
+	struct list_head *next;
+	struct rb_node **link;
+	struct rb_node *parent;
+	bool merged = false;
+
+	/*
+	 * Find a place in the tree where VA potentially will be
+	 * inserted, unless it is merged with its sibling/siblings.
+	 */
+	link = find_va_links(va, root, NULL, &parent);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get next node of VA to check if merging can be done.
+	 */
+	next = get_va_next_sibling(parent, link);
+	if (unlikely(next == NULL))
+		goto insert;
+
+	/*
+	 * start            end
+	 * |                |
+	 * |<------VA------>|<-----Next----->|
+	 *                  |                |
+	 *                  start            end
+	 */
+	if (next != head) {
+		sibling = list_entry(next, struct vmap_area, list);
+		if (sibling->va_start == va->va_end) {
+			sibling->va_start = va->va_start;
+
+			/* Check and update the tree if needed. */
+			augment_tree_propagate_from(sibling);
+
+			/* Remove this VA, it has been merged. */
+			unlink_va(va, root);
+
+			/* Free vmap_area object. */
+			kmem_cache_free(vmap_area_cachep, va);
+
+			/* Point to the new merged area. */
+			va = sibling;
+			merged = true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * start            end
+	 * |                |
+	 * |<-----Prev----->|<------VA------>|
+	 *                  |                |
+	 *                  start            end
+	 */
+	if (next->prev != head) {
+		sibling = list_entry(next->prev, struct vmap_area, list);
+		if (sibling->va_end == va->va_start) {
+			sibling->va_end = va->va_end;
+
+			/* Check and update the tree if needed. */
+			augment_tree_propagate_from(sibling);
+
+			/* Remove this VA, it has been merged. */
+			unlink_va(va, root);
+
+			/* Free vmap_area object. */
+			kmem_cache_free(vmap_area_cachep, va);
+
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+insert:
+	if (!merged) {
+		link_va(va, root, parent, link, head);
+		augment_tree_propagate_from(va);
+	}
+}
+
+static __always_inline bool
+is_within_this_va(struct vmap_area *va, unsigned long size,
+	unsigned long align, unsigned long vstart)
+{
+	unsigned long nva_start_addr;
+
+	if (va->va_start > vstart)
+		nva_start_addr = ALIGN(va->va_start, align);
+	else
+		nva_start_addr = ALIGN(vstart, align);
+
+	/* Can be overflowed due to big size or alignment. */
+	if (nva_start_addr + size < nva_start_addr ||
+			nva_start_addr < vstart)
+		return false;
+
+	return (nva_start_addr + size <= va->va_end);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Find the first free block(lowest start address) in the tree,
+ * that will accomplish the request corresponding to passing
+ * parameters.
+ */
+static __always_inline struct vmap_area *
+find_vmap_lowest_match(unsigned long size,
+	unsigned long align, unsigned long vstart)
+{
+	struct vmap_area *va;
+	struct rb_node *node;
+	unsigned long length;
+
+	/* Start from the root. */
+	node = free_vmap_area_root.rb_node;
+
+	/* Adjust the search size for alignment overhead. */
+	length = size + align - 1;
+
+	while (node) {
+		va = rb_entry(node, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
+
+		if (get_subtree_max_size(node->rb_left) >= length &&
+				vstart < va->va_start) {
+			node = node->rb_left;
+		} else {
+			if (is_within_this_va(va, size, align, vstart))
+				return va;
+
+			/*
+			 * Does not make sense to go deeper towards the right
+			 * sub-tree if it does not have a free block that is
+			 * equal or bigger to the requested search length.
+			 */
+			if (get_subtree_max_size(node->rb_right) >= length) {
+				node = node->rb_right;
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * OK. We roll back and find the fist right sub-tree,
+			 * that will satisfy the search criteria. It can happen
+			 * only once due to "vstart" restriction.
+			 */
+			while ((node = rb_parent(node))) {
+				va = rb_entry(node, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
+				if (is_within_this_va(va, size, align, vstart))
+					return va;
+
+				if (get_subtree_max_size(node->rb_right) >= length &&
+						vstart <= va->va_start) {
+					node = node->rb_right;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+#if DEBUG_AUGMENT_LOWEST_MATCH_CHECK
+#include <linux/random.h>
+
+static struct vmap_area *
+find_vmap_lowest_linear_match(unsigned long size,
+	unsigned long align, unsigned long vstart)
+{
+	struct vmap_area *va;
+
+	list_for_each_entry(va, &free_vmap_area_list, list) {
+		if (!is_within_this_va(va, size, align, vstart))
+			continue;
+
+		return va;
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+find_vmap_lowest_match_check(unsigned long size)
+{
+	struct vmap_area *va_1, *va_2;
+	unsigned long vstart;
+	unsigned int rnd;
+
+	get_random_bytes(&rnd, sizeof(rnd));
+	vstart = VMALLOC_START + rnd;
+
+	va_1 = find_vmap_lowest_match(size, 1, vstart);
+	va_2 = find_vmap_lowest_linear_match(size, 1, vstart);
+
+	if (va_1 != va_2)
+		pr_emerg("not lowest: t: 0x%p, l: 0x%p, v: 0x%lx\n",
+			va_1, va_2, vstart);
+}
+#endif
+
+enum fit_type {
+	NOTHING_FIT = 0,
+	FL_FIT_TYPE = 1,	/* full fit */
+	LE_FIT_TYPE = 2,	/* left edge fit */
+	RE_FIT_TYPE = 3,	/* right edge fit */
+	NE_FIT_TYPE = 4		/* no edge fit */
+};
+
+static __always_inline enum fit_type
+classify_va_fit_type(struct vmap_area *va,
+	unsigned long nva_start_addr, unsigned long size)
+{
+	enum fit_type type;
+
+	/* Check if it is within VA. */
+	if (nva_start_addr < va->va_start ||
+			nva_start_addr + size > va->va_end)
+		return NOTHING_FIT;
+
+	/* Now classify. */
+	if (va->va_start == nva_start_addr) {
+		if (va->va_end == nva_start_addr + size)
+			type = FL_FIT_TYPE;
+		else
+			type = LE_FIT_TYPE;
+	} else if (va->va_end == nva_start_addr + size) {
+		type = RE_FIT_TYPE;
+	} else {
+		type = NE_FIT_TYPE;
+	}
+
+	return type;
+}
+
+static __always_inline int
+adjust_va_to_fit_type(struct vmap_area *va,
+	unsigned long nva_start_addr, unsigned long size,
+	enum fit_type type)
+{
+	struct vmap_area *lva;
+
+	if (type == FL_FIT_TYPE) {
+		/*
+		 * No need to split VA, it fully fits.
+		 *
+		 * |               |
+		 * V      NVA      V
+		 * |---------------|
+		 */
+		unlink_va(va, &free_vmap_area_root);
+		kmem_cache_free(vmap_area_cachep, va);
+	} else if (type == LE_FIT_TYPE) {
+		/*
+		 * Split left edge of fit VA.
+		 *
+		 * |       |
+		 * V  NVA  V   R
+		 * |-------|-------|
+		 */
+		va->va_start += size;
+	} else if (type == RE_FIT_TYPE) {
+		/*
+		 * Split right edge of fit VA.
+		 *
+		 *         |       |
+		 *     L   V  NVA  V
+		 * |-------|-------|
+		 */
+		va->va_end = nva_start_addr;
+	} else if (type == NE_FIT_TYPE) {
+		/*
+		 * Split no edge of fit VA.
+		 *
+		 *     |       |
+		 *   L V  NVA  V R
+		 * |---|-------|---|
+		 */
+		lva = kmem_cache_alloc(vmap_area_cachep, GFP_NOWAIT);
+		if (unlikely(!lva))
+			return -1;
+
+		/*
+		 * Build the remainder.
+		 */
+		lva->va_start = va->va_start;
+		lva->va_end = nva_start_addr;
+
+		/*
+		 * Shrink this VA to remaining size.
+		 */
+		va->va_start = nva_start_addr + size;
+	} else {
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (type != FL_FIT_TYPE) {
+		augment_tree_propagate_from(va);
+
+		if (type == NE_FIT_TYPE)
+			insert_vmap_area_augment(lva, &va->rb_node,
+				&free_vmap_area_root, &free_vmap_area_list);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns a start address of the newly allocated area, if success.
+ * Otherwise a vend is returned that indicates failure.
+ */
+static __always_inline unsigned long
+__alloc_vmap_area(unsigned long size, unsigned long align,
+	unsigned long vstart, unsigned long vend, int node)
+{
+	unsigned long nva_start_addr;
+	struct vmap_area *va;
+	enum fit_type type;
+	int ret;
+
+	va = find_vmap_lowest_match(size, align, vstart);
+	if (unlikely(!va))
+		return vend;
+
+	if (va->va_start > vstart)
+		nva_start_addr = ALIGN(va->va_start, align);
+	else
+		nva_start_addr = ALIGN(vstart, align);
+
+	/* Check the "vend" restriction. */
+	if (nva_start_addr + size > vend)
+		return vend;
+
+	/* Classify what we have found. */
+	type = classify_va_fit_type(va, nva_start_addr, size);
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(type == NOTHING_FIT))
+		return vend;
+
+	/* Update the free vmap_area. */
+	ret = adjust_va_to_fit_type(va, nva_start_addr, size, type);
+	if (ret)
+		return vend;
+
+#if DEBUG_AUGMENT_LOWEST_MATCH_CHECK
+	find_vmap_lowest_match_check(size);
+#endif
+
+	return nva_start_addr;
+}
 
 /*
  * Allocate a region of KVA of the specified size and alignment, within the
···
 				int node, gfp_t gfp_mask)
 {
 	struct vmap_area *va;
-	struct rb_node *n;
 	unsigned long addr;
 	int purged = 0;
-	struct vmap_area *first;
 
 	BUG_ON(!size);
 	BUG_ON(offset_in_page(size));
 	BUG_ON(!is_power_of_2(align));
 
+	if (unlikely(!vmap_initialized))
+		return ERR_PTR(-EBUSY);
+
 	might_sleep();
 
-	va = kmalloc_node(sizeof(struct vmap_area),
+	va = kmem_cache_alloc_node(vmap_area_cachep,
 			gfp_mask & GFP_RECLAIM_MASK, node);
 	if (unlikely(!va))
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
···
 
 retry:
 	spin_lock(&vmap_area_lock);
+
 	/*
-	 * Invalidate cache if we have more permissive parameters.
-	 * cached_hole_size notes the largest hole noticed _below_
-	 * the vmap_area cached in free_vmap_cache: if size fits
-	 * into that hole, we want to scan from vstart to reuse
-	 * the hole instead of allocating above free_vmap_cache.
-	 * Note that __free_vmap_area may update free_vmap_cache
-	 * without updating cached_hole_size or cached_align.
+	 * If an allocation fails, the "vend" address is
+	 * returned. Therefore trigger the overflow path.
 	 */
-	if (!free_vmap_cache ||
-			size < cached_hole_size ||
-			vstart < cached_vstart ||
-			align < cached_align) {
-nocache:
-		cached_hole_size = 0;
-		free_vmap_cache = NULL;
-	}
-	/* record if we encounter less permissive parameters */
-	cached_vstart = vstart;
-	cached_align = align;
-
-	/* find starting point for our search */
-	if (free_vmap_cache) {
-		first = rb_entry(free_vmap_cache, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
-		addr = ALIGN(first->va_end, align);
-		if (addr < vstart)
-			goto nocache;
-		if (addr + size < addr)
-			goto overflow;
-
-	} else {
-		addr = ALIGN(vstart, align);
-		if (addr + size < addr)
-			goto overflow;
-
-		n = vmap_area_root.rb_node;
-		first = NULL;
-
-		while (n) {
-			struct vmap_area *tmp;
-			tmp = rb_entry(n, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
-			if (tmp->va_end >= addr) {
-				first = tmp;
-				if (tmp->va_start <= addr)
-					break;
-				n = n->rb_left;
-			} else
-				n = n->rb_right;
-		}
-
-		if (!first)
-			goto found;
-	}
-
-	/* from the starting point, walk areas until a suitable hole is found */
-	while (addr + size > first->va_start && addr + size <= vend) {
-		if (addr + cached_hole_size < first->va_start)
-			cached_hole_size = first->va_start - addr;
-		addr = ALIGN(first->va_end, align);
-		if (addr + size < addr)
-			goto overflow;
-
-		if (list_is_last(&first->list, &vmap_area_list))
-			goto found;
-
-		first = list_next_entry(first, list);
-	}
-
-found:
-	/*
-	 * Check also calculated address against the vstart,
-	 * because it can be 0 because of big align request.
-	 */
-	if (addr + size > vend || addr < vstart)
+	addr = __alloc_vmap_area(size, align, vstart, vend, node);
+	if (unlikely(addr == vend))
 		goto overflow;
 
 	va->va_start = addr;
 	va->va_end = addr + size;
 	va->flags = 0;
-	__insert_vmap_area(va);
-	free_vmap_cache = &va->rb_node;
+	insert_vmap_area(va, &vmap_area_root, &vmap_area_list);
+
 	spin_unlock(&vmap_area_lock);
 
 	BUG_ON(!IS_ALIGNED(va->va_start, align));
···
 	if (!(gfp_mask & __GFP_NOWARN) && printk_ratelimit())
 		pr_warn("vmap allocation for size %lu failed: use vmalloc=<size> to increase size\n",
 			size);
-	kfree(va);
+
+	kmem_cache_free(vmap_area_cachep, va);
 	return ERR_PTR(-EBUSY);
 }
 
···
 {
 	BUG_ON(RB_EMPTY_NODE(&va->rb_node));
 
-	if (free_vmap_cache) {
-		if (va->va_end < cached_vstart) {
-			free_vmap_cache = NULL;
-		} else {
-			struct vmap_area *cache;
-			cache = rb_entry(free_vmap_cache, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
-			if (va->va_start <= cache->va_start) {
-				free_vmap_cache = rb_prev(&va->rb_node);
-				/*
-				 * We don't try to update cached_hole_size or
-				 * cached_align, but it won't go very wrong.
-				 */
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	rb_erase(&va->rb_node, &vmap_area_root);
-	RB_CLEAR_NODE(&va->rb_node);
-	list_del_rcu(&va->list);
+	/*
+	 * Remove from the busy tree/list.
+	 */
+	unlink_va(va, &vmap_area_root);
 
 	/*
-	 * Track the highest possible candidate for pcpu area
-	 * allocation.  Areas outside of vmalloc area can be returned
-	 * here too, consider only end addresses which fall inside
-	 * vmalloc area proper.
+	 * Merge VA with its neighbors, otherwise just add it.
 	 */
-	if (va->va_end > VMALLOC_START && va->va_end <= VMALLOC_END)
-		vmap_area_pcpu_hole = max(vmap_area_pcpu_hole, va->va_end);
-
-	kfree_rcu(va, rcu_head);
+	merge_or_add_vmap_area(va,
+		&free_vmap_area_root, &free_vmap_area_list);
 }
 
 /*
···
 			VMALLOC_PAGES / roundup_pow_of_two(NR_CPUS) / 16))
 
 #define VMAP_BLOCK_SIZE		(VMAP_BBMAP_BITS * PAGE_SIZE)
-
-static bool vmap_initialized __read_mostly = false;
 
 struct vmap_block_queue {
 	spinlock_t lock;
···
 	vm_area_add_early(vm);
 }
 
+static void vmap_init_free_space(void)
+{
+	unsigned long vmap_start = 1;
+	const unsigned long vmap_end = ULONG_MAX;
+	struct vmap_area *busy, *free;
+
+	/*
+	 *     B     F     B     B     B     F
+	 * -|-----|.....|-----|-----|-----|.....|-
+	 *  |           The KVA space           |
+	 *  |<--------------------------------->|
+	 */
+	list_for_each_entry(busy, &vmap_area_list, list) {
+		if (busy->va_start - vmap_start > 0) {
+			free = kmem_cache_zalloc(vmap_area_cachep, GFP_NOWAIT);
+			if (!WARN_ON_ONCE(!free)) {
+				free->va_start = vmap_start;
+				free->va_end = busy->va_start;
+
+				insert_vmap_area_augment(free, NULL,
+					&free_vmap_area_root,
+						&free_vmap_area_list);
+			}
+		}
+
+		vmap_start = busy->va_end;
+	}
+
+	if (vmap_end - vmap_start > 0) {
+		free = kmem_cache_zalloc(vmap_area_cachep, GFP_NOWAIT);
+		if (!WARN_ON_ONCE(!free)) {
+			free->va_start = vmap_start;
+			free->va_end = vmap_end;
+
+			insert_vmap_area_augment(free, NULL,
+				&free_vmap_area_root,
+					&free_vmap_area_list);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 void __init vmalloc_init(void)
 {
 	struct vmap_area *va;
 	struct vm_struct *tmp;
 	int i;
+
+	/*
+	 * Create the cache for vmap_area objects.
+	 */
+	vmap_area_cachep = KMEM_CACHE(vmap_area, SLAB_PANIC);
 
 	for_each_possible_cpu(i) {
 		struct vmap_block_queue *vbq;
···
 
 	/* Import existing vmlist entries. */
 	for (tmp = vmlist; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
-		va = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vmap_area), GFP_NOWAIT);
+		va = kmem_cache_zalloc(vmap_area_cachep, GFP_NOWAIT);
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!va))
+			continue;
+
 		va->flags = VM_VM_AREA;
 		va->va_start = (unsigned long)tmp->addr;
 		va->va_end = va->va_start + tmp->size;
 		va->vm = tmp;
-		__insert_vmap_area(va);
+		insert_vmap_area(va, &vmap_area_root, &vmap_area_list);
 	}
 
-	vmap_area_pcpu_hole = VMALLOC_END;
-
+	/*
+	 * Now we can initialize a free vmap space.
+	 */
+	vmap_init_free_space();
 	vmap_initialized = true;
 }
 
···
 }
 
 /**
- * pvm_find_next_prev - find the next and prev vmap_area surrounding @end
- * @end: target address
- * @pnext: out arg for the next vmap_area
- * @pprev: out arg for the previous vmap_area
+ * pvm_find_va_enclose_addr - find the vmap_area @addr belongs to
+ * @addr: target address
  *
- * Returns: %true if either or both of next and prev are found,
- *	    %false if no vmap_area exists
- *
- * Find vmap_areas end addresses of which enclose @end.  ie. if not
- * NULL, *pnext->va_end > @end and *pprev->va_end <= @end.
+ * Returns: vmap_area if it is found. If there is no such area
+ *   the first highest(reverse order) vmap_area is returned
+ *   i.e. va->va_start < addr && va->va_end < addr or NULL
+ *   if there are no any areas before @addr.
  */
-static bool pvm_find_next_prev(unsigned long end,
-			       struct vmap_area **pnext,
-			       struct vmap_area **pprev)
+static struct vmap_area *
+pvm_find_va_enclose_addr(unsigned long addr)
 {
-	struct rb_node *n = vmap_area_root.rb_node;
-	struct vmap_area *va = NULL;
+	struct vmap_area *va, *tmp;
+	struct rb_node *n;
+
+	n = free_vmap_area_root.rb_node;
+	va = NULL;
 
 	while (n) {
-		va = rb_entry(n, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
-		if (end < va->va_end)
-			n = n->rb_left;
-		else if (end > va->va_end)
+		tmp = rb_entry(n, struct vmap_area, rb_node);
+		if (tmp->va_start <= addr) {
+			va = tmp;
+			if (tmp->va_end >= addr)
+				break;
+
 			n = n->rb_right;
-		else
-			break;
+		} else {
+			n = n->rb_left;
+		}
 	}
 
-	if (!va)
-		return false;
-
-	if (va->va_end > end) {
-		*pnext = va;
-		*pprev = node_to_va(rb_prev(&(*pnext)->rb_node));
-	} else {
-		*pprev = va;
-		*pnext = node_to_va(rb_next(&(*pprev)->rb_node));
-	}
-	return true;
+	return va;
 }
 
 /**
- * pvm_determine_end - find the highest aligned address between two vmap_areas
- * @pnext: in/out arg for the next vmap_area
- * @pprev: in/out arg for the previous vmap_area
- * @align: alignment
+ * pvm_determine_end_from_reverse - find the highest aligned address
+ * of free block below VMALLOC_END
+ * @va:
+ *   in - the VA we start the search(reverse order);
+ *   out - the VA with the highest aligned end address.
  *
- * Returns: determined end address
- *
- * Find the highest aligned address between *@pnext and *@pprev below
- * VMALLOC_END.  *@pnext and *@pprev are adjusted so that the aligned
- * down address is between the end addresses of the two vmap_areas.
- *
- * Please note that the address returned by this function may fall
- * inside *@pnext vmap_area.  The caller is responsible for checking
- * that.
+ * Returns: determined end address within vmap_area
  */
-static unsigned long pvm_determine_end(struct vmap_area **pnext,
-				       struct vmap_area **pprev,
-				       unsigned long align)
+static unsigned long
+pvm_determine_end_from_reverse(struct vmap_area **va, unsigned long align)
 {
-	const unsigned long vmalloc_end = VMALLOC_END & ~(align - 1);
+	unsigned long vmalloc_end = VMALLOC_END & ~(align - 1);
 	unsigned long addr;
 
-	if (*pnext)
-		addr = min((*pnext)->va_start & ~(align - 1), vmalloc_end);
-	else
-		addr = vmalloc_end;
-
-	while (*pprev && (*pprev)->va_end > addr) {
-		*pnext = *pprev;
-		*pprev = node_to_va(rb_prev(&(*pnext)->rb_node));
+	if (likely(*va)) {
+		list_for_each_entry_from_reverse((*va),
+				&free_vmap_area_list, list) {
+			addr = min((*va)->va_end & ~(align - 1), vmalloc_end);
+			if ((*va)->va_start < addr)
+				return addr;
+		}
 	}
 
-	return addr;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 /**
···
  * to gigabytes.  To avoid interacting with regular vmallocs, these
  * areas are allocated from top.
  *
- * Despite its complicated look, this allocator is rather simple.  It
- * does everything top-down and scans areas from the end looking for
- * matching slot.  While scanning, if any of the areas overlaps with
- * existing vmap_area, the base address is pulled down to fit the
- * area.  Scanning is repeated till all the areas fit and then all
- * necessary data structures are inserted and the result is returned.
+ * Despite its complicated look, this allocator is rather simple. It
+ * does everything top-down and scans free blocks from the end looking
+ * for matching base. While scanning, if any of the areas do not fit the
+ * base address is pulled down to fit the area. Scanning is repeated till
+ * all the areas fit and then all necessary data structures are inserted
+ * and the result is returned.
  */
 struct vm_struct **pcpu_get_vm_areas(const unsigned long *offsets,
 				     const size_t *sizes, int nr_vms,
···
 {
 	const unsigned long vmalloc_start = ALIGN(VMALLOC_START, align);
 	const unsigned long vmalloc_end = VMALLOC_END & ~(align - 1);
-	struct vmap_area **vas, *prev, *next;
+	struct vmap_area **vas, *va;
 	struct vm_struct **vms;
 	int area, area2, last_area, term_area;
-	unsigned long base, start, end, last_end;
+	unsigned long base, start, size, end, last_end;
 	bool purged = false;
+	enum fit_type type;
 
 	/* verify parameters and allocate data structures */
 	BUG_ON(offset_in_page(align) || !is_power_of_2(align));
···
 		goto err_free2;
 
 	for (area = 0; area < nr_vms; area++) {
-		vas[area] = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vmap_area), GFP_KERNEL);
+		vas[area] = kmem_cache_zalloc(vmap_area_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
 		vms[area] = kzalloc(sizeof(struct vm_struct), GFP_KERNEL);
 		if (!vas[area] || !vms[area])
 			goto err_free;
···
 	start = offsets[area];
 	end = start + sizes[area];
 
-	if (!pvm_find_next_prev(vmap_area_pcpu_hole, &next, &prev)) {
-		base = vmalloc_end - last_end;
-		goto found;
-	}
-	base = pvm_determine_end(&next, &prev, align) - end;
+	va = pvm_find_va_enclose_addr(vmalloc_end);
+	base = pvm_determine_end_from_reverse(&va, align) - end;
 
 	while (true) {
-		BUG_ON(next && next->va_end <= base + end);
-		BUG_ON(prev && prev->va_end > base + end);
-
 		/*
 		 * base might have underflowed, add last_end before
 		 * comparing.
 		 */
-		if (base + last_end < vmalloc_start + last_end) {
-			spin_unlock(&vmap_area_lock);
-			if (!purged) {
-				purge_vmap_area_lazy();
-				purged = true;
-				goto retry;
-			}
-			goto err_free;
-		}
+		if (base + last_end < vmalloc_start + last_end)
+			goto overflow;
 
 		/*
-		 * If next overlaps, move base downwards so that it's
-		 * right below next and then recheck.
+		 * Fitting base has not been found.
 		 */
-		if (next && next->va_start < base + end) {
-			base = pvm_determine_end(&next, &prev, align) - end;
-			term_area = area;
-			continue;
-		}
+		if (va == NULL)
+			goto overflow;
 
 		/*
-		 * If prev overlaps, shift down next and prev and move
-		 * base so that it's right below new next and then
-		 * recheck.
+		 * If this VA does not fit, move base downwards and recheck.
 		 */
-		if (prev && prev->va_end > base + start)  {
-			next = prev;
-			prev = node_to_va(rb_prev(&next->rb_node));
-			base = pvm_determine_end(&next, &prev, align) - end;
+		if (base + start < va->va_start || base + end > va->va_end) {
+			va = node_to_va(rb_prev(&va->rb_node));
+			base = pvm_determine_end_from_reverse(&va, align) - end;
 			term_area = area;
 			continue;
 		}
···
 		area = (area + nr_vms - 1) % nr_vms;
 		if (area == term_area)
 			break;
+
 		start = offsets[area];
 		end = start + sizes[area];
-		pvm_find_next_prev(base + end, &next, &prev);
+		va = pvm_find_va_enclose_addr(base + end);
 	}
-found:
+
 	/* we've found a fitting base, insert all va's */
 	for (area = 0; area < nr_vms; area++) {
-		struct vmap_area *va = vas[area];
+		int ret;
 
-		va->va_start = base + offsets[area];
-		va->va_end = va->va_start + sizes[area];
-		__insert_vmap_area(va);
+		start = base + offsets[area];
+		size = sizes[area];
+
+		va = pvm_find_va_enclose_addr(start);
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(va == NULL))
+			/* It is a BUG(), but trigger recovery instead. */
+			goto recovery;
+
+		type = classify_va_fit_type(va, start, size);
+		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(type == NOTHING_FIT))
+			/* It is a BUG(), but trigger recovery instead. */
+			goto recovery;
+
+		ret = adjust_va_to_fit_type(va, start, size, type);
+		if (unlikely(ret))
+			goto recovery;
+
+		/* Allocated area. */
+		va = vas[area];
+		va->va_start = start;
+		va->va_end = start + size;
+
+		insert_vmap_area(va, &vmap_area_root, &vmap_area_list);
 	}
-
-	vmap_area_pcpu_hole = base + offsets[last_area];
 
 	spin_unlock(&vmap_area_lock);
 
···
 	kfree(vas);
 	return vms;
 
+recovery:
+	/* Remove previously inserted areas. */
+	while (area--) {
+		__free_vmap_area(vas[area]);
+		vas[area] = NULL;
+	}
+
+overflow:
+	spin_unlock(&vmap_area_lock);
+	if (!purged) {
+		purge_vmap_area_lazy();
+		purged = true;
+
+		/* Before "retry", check if we recover. */
+		for (area = 0; area < nr_vms; area++) {
+			if (vas[area])
+				continue;
+
+			vas[area] = kmem_cache_zalloc(
+				vmap_area_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
+			if (!vas[area])
+				goto err_free;
+		}
+
+		goto retry;
+	}
+
 err_free:
 	for (area = 0; area < nr_vms; area++) {
-		kfree(vas[area]);
+		if (vas[area])
+			kmem_cache_free(vmap_area_cachep, vas[area]);
+
 		kfree(vms[area]);
 	}
 err_free2: