block: loop: support DIO & AIO

There are at least 3 advantages to use direct I/O and AIO on
read/write loop's backing file:

1) double cache can be avoided, then memory usage gets
decreased a lot

2) not like user space direct I/O, there isn't cost of
pinning pages

3) avoid context switch for obtaining good throughput
- in buffered file read, random I/O top throughput is often obtained
only if they are submitted concurrently from lots of tasks; but for
sequential I/O, most of times they can be hit from page cache, so
concurrent submissions often introduce unnecessary context switch
and can't improve throughput much. There was such discussion[1]
to use non-blocking I/O to improve the problem for application.
- with direct I/O and AIO, concurrent submissions can be
avoided and random read throughput can't be affected meantime

xfstests(-g auto, ext4) is basically passed when running with
direct I/O(aio), one exception is generic/232, but it failed in
loop buffered I/O(4.2-rc6-next-20150814) too.

Follows the fio test result for performance purpose:
4 jobs fio test inside ext4 file system over loop block

1) How to run
- KVM: 4 VCPUs, 2G RAM
- linux kernel: 4.2-rc6-next-20150814(base) with the patchset
- the loop block is over one image on SSD.
- linux psync, 4 jobs, size 1500M, ext4 over loop block
- test result: IOPS from fio output

2) Throughput(IOPS) becomes a bit better with direct I/O(aio)
-------------------------------------------------------------
test cases |randread |read |randwrite |write |
-------------------------------------------------------------
base |8015 |113811 |67442 |106978
-------------------------------------------------------------
base+loop aio |8136 |125040 |67811 |111376
-------------------------------------------------------------

- somehow, it should be caused by more page cache avaiable for
application or one extra page copy is avoided in case of direct I/O

3) context switch
- context switch decreased by ~50% with loop direct I/O(aio)
compared with loop buffered I/O(4.2-rc6-next-20150814)

4) memory usage from /proc/meminfo
-------------------------------------------------------------
| Buffers | Cached
-------------------------------------------------------------
base | > 760MB | ~950MB
-------------------------------------------------------------
base+loop direct I/O(aio) | < 5MB | ~1.6GB
-------------------------------------------------------------

- so there are much more page caches available for application with
direct I/O

[1] https://lwn.net/Articles/612483/

Signed-off-by: Ming Lei <[e-mail]>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <[e-mail]>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <[e-mail]>

drivers/block/loop.c

···
 	return ret;
 }
 
+static inline void handle_partial_read(struct loop_cmd *cmd, long bytes)
+{
+	if (bytes < 0 || (cmd->rq->cmd_flags & REQ_WRITE))
+		return;
+
+	if (unlikely(bytes < blk_rq_bytes(cmd->rq))) {
+		struct bio *bio = cmd->rq->bio;
+
+		bio_advance(bio, bytes);
+		zero_fill_bio(bio);
+	}
+}
+
+static void lo_rw_aio_complete(struct kiocb *iocb, long ret, long ret2)
+{
+	struct loop_cmd *cmd = container_of(iocb, struct loop_cmd, iocb);
+	struct request *rq = cmd->rq;
+
+	handle_partial_read(cmd, ret);
+
+	if (ret > 0)
+		ret = 0;
+	else if (ret < 0)
+		ret = -EIO;
+
+	rq->errors = ret;
+	blk_mq_complete_request(rq);
+}
+
+static int lo_rw_aio(struct loop_device *lo, struct loop_cmd *cmd,
+		     loff_t pos, bool rw)
+{
+	struct iov_iter iter;
+	struct bio_vec *bvec;
+	struct bio *bio = cmd->rq->bio;
+	struct file *file = lo->lo_backing_file;
+	int ret;
+
+	/* nomerge for loop request queue */
+	WARN_ON(cmd->rq->bio != cmd->rq->biotail);
+
+	bvec = __bvec_iter_bvec(bio->bi_io_vec, bio->bi_iter);
+	iov_iter_bvec(&iter, ITER_BVEC | rw, bvec,
+		      bio_segments(bio), blk_rq_bytes(cmd->rq));
+
+	cmd->iocb.ki_pos = pos;
+	cmd->iocb.ki_filp = file;
+	cmd->iocb.ki_complete = lo_rw_aio_complete;
+	cmd->iocb.ki_flags = IOCB_DIRECT;
+
+	if (rw == WRITE)
+		ret = file->f_op->write_iter(&cmd->iocb, &iter);
+	else
+		ret = file->f_op->read_iter(&cmd->iocb, &iter);
+
+	if (ret != -EIOCBQUEUED)
+		cmd->iocb.ki_complete(&cmd->iocb, ret, 0);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+static inline int lo_rw_simple(struct loop_device *lo,
+		struct request *rq, loff_t pos, bool rw)
+{
+	struct loop_cmd *cmd = blk_mq_rq_to_pdu(rq);
+
+	if (cmd->use_aio)
+		return lo_rw_aio(lo, cmd, pos, rw);
+
+	/*
+	 * lo_write_simple and lo_read_simple should have been covered
+	 * by io submit style function like lo_rw_aio(), one blocker
+	 * is that lo_read_simple() need to call flush_dcache_page after
+	 * the page is written from kernel, and it isn't easy to handle
+	 * this in io submit style function which submits all segments
+	 * of the req at one time. And direct read IO doesn't need to
+	 * run flush_dcache_page().
+	 */
+	if (rw == WRITE)
+		return lo_write_simple(lo, rq, pos);
+	else
+		return lo_read_simple(lo, rq, pos);
+}
+
 static int do_req_filebacked(struct loop_device *lo, struct request *rq)
 {
 	loff_t pos;
···
 		else if (lo->transfer)
 			ret = lo_write_transfer(lo, rq, pos);
 		else
-			ret = lo_write_simple(lo, rq, pos);
+			ret = lo_rw_simple(lo, rq, pos, WRITE);
 
 	} else {
 		if (lo->transfer)
 			ret = lo_read_transfer(lo, rq, pos);
 		else
-			ret = lo_read_simple(lo, rq, pos);
+			ret = lo_rw_simple(lo, rq, pos, READ);
 	}
 
 	return ret;
···
 	if (lo->lo_state != Lo_bound)
 		return -EIO;
 
+	if (lo->use_dio && !(cmd->rq->cmd_flags & (REQ_FLUSH |
+					REQ_DISCARD)))
+		cmd->use_aio = true;
+	else
+		cmd->use_aio = false;
+
 	queue_kthread_work(&lo->worker, &cmd->work);
 
 	return BLK_MQ_RQ_QUEUE_OK;
···
  failed:
 	if (ret)
 		cmd->rq->errors = -EIO;
-	blk_mq_complete_request(cmd->rq);
+	/* complete non-aio request */
+	if (!cmd->use_aio || ret)
+		blk_mq_complete_request(cmd->rq);
 }
 
 static void loop_queue_work(struct kthread_work *work)

drivers/block/loop.h

···
 	struct kthread_work work;
 	struct request *rq;
 	struct list_head list;
+	bool use_aio;           /* use AIO interface to handle I/O */
+	struct kiocb iocb;
 };
 
 /* Support for loadable transfer modules */