mm: list_lru: replace linear array with xarray

If we run 10k containers in the system, the size of the
list_lru_memcg->lrus can be ~96KB per list_lru. When we decrease the
number containers, the size of the array will not be shrinked. It is
not scalable. The xarray is a good choice for this case. We can save a
lot of memory when there are tens of thousands continers in the system.
If we use xarray, we also can remove the logic code of resizing array,
which can simplify the code.

[[e-mail]: remove unused local]

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/[e-mail]
Signed-off-by: Muchun Song <[e-mail]>
Cc: Alex Shi <[e-mail]>
Cc: Anna Schumaker <[e-mail]>
Cc: Chao Yu <[e-mail]>
Cc: Dave Chinner <[e-mail]>
Cc: Fam Zheng <[e-mail]>
Cc: Jaegeuk Kim <[e-mail]>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <[e-mail]>
Cc: Kari Argillander <[e-mail]>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <[e-mail]>
Cc: Michal Hocko <[e-mail]>
Cc: Qi Zheng <[e-mail]>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <[e-mail]>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <[e-mail]>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <[e-mail]>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <[e-mail]>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <[e-mail]>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <[e-mail]>
Cc: Wei Yang <[e-mail]>
Cc: Xiongchun Duan <[e-mail]>
Cc: Yang Shi <[e-mail]>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <[e-mail]>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <[e-mail]>

include/linux/list_lru.h

···
 #include <linux/list.h>
 #include <linux/nodemask.h>
 #include <linux/shrinker.h>
+#include <linux/xarray.h>
 
 struct mem_cgroup;
 
···
 	struct list_lru_one	node[];
 };
 
-struct list_lru_memcg {
-	struct rcu_head			rcu;
-	/* array of per cgroup lists, indexed by memcg_cache_id */
-	struct list_lru_per_memcg __rcu	*mlru[];
-};
-
 struct list_lru_node {
 	/* protects all lists on the node, including per cgroup */
 	spinlock_t		lock;
···
 	struct list_head	list;
 	int			shrinker_id;
 	bool			memcg_aware;
-	/* protects ->mlrus->mlru[i] */
-	spinlock_t		lock;
-	/* for cgroup aware lrus points to per cgroup lists, otherwise NULL */
-	struct list_lru_memcg	__rcu *mlrus;
+	struct xarray		xa;
 #endif
 };
 
···
 
 int memcg_list_lru_alloc(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, struct list_lru *lru,
 			 gfp_t gfp);
-int memcg_update_all_list_lrus(int num_memcgs);
 void memcg_reparent_list_lrus(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, struct mem_cgroup *parent);
 
 /**

include/linux/memcontrol.h

···
 
 extern struct static_key_false memcg_kmem_enabled_key;
 
-extern int memcg_nr_cache_ids;
-void memcg_get_cache_ids(void);
-void memcg_put_cache_ids(void);
-
-/*
- * Helper macro to loop through all memcg-specific caches. Callers must still
- * check if the cache is valid (it is either valid or NULL).
- * the slab_mutex must be held when looping through those caches
- */
-#define for_each_memcg_cache_index(_idx)	\
-	for ((_idx) = 0; (_idx) < memcg_nr_cache_ids; (_idx)++)
-
 static inline bool memcg_kmem_enabled(void)
 {
 	return static_branch_likely(&memcg_kmem_enabled_key);
···
 {
 }
 
-#define for_each_memcg_cache_index(_idx)	\
-	for (; NULL; )
-
 static inline bool memcg_kmem_enabled(void)
 {
 	return false;
···
 static inline int memcg_cache_id(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
 {
 	return -1;
-}
-
-static inline void memcg_get_cache_ids(void)
-{
-}
-
-static inline void memcg_put_cache_ids(void)
-{
 }
 
 static inline struct mem_cgroup *mem_cgroup_from_obj(void *p)

mm/list_lru.c

···
 static inline struct list_lru_one *
 list_lru_from_memcg_idx(struct list_lru *lru, int nid, int idx)
 {
-	struct list_lru_memcg *mlrus;
-	struct list_lru_node *nlru = &lru->node[nid];
+	if (list_lru_memcg_aware(lru) && idx >= 0) {
+		struct list_lru_per_memcg *mlru = xa_load(&lru->xa, idx);
 
-	/*
-	 * Either lock or RCU protects the array of per cgroup lists
-	 * from relocation (see memcg_update_list_lru).
-	 */
-	mlrus = rcu_dereference_check(lru->mlrus, lockdep_is_held(&nlru->lock));
-	if (mlrus && idx >= 0) {
-		struct list_lru_per_memcg *mlru;
-
-		mlru = rcu_dereference_check(mlrus->mlru[idx], true);
 		return mlru ? &mlru->node[nid] : NULL;
 	}
-	return &nlru->lru;
+	return &lru->node[nid].lru;
 }
 
 static inline struct list_lru_one *
···
 	struct list_lru_one *l = &nlru->lru;
 	struct mem_cgroup *memcg = NULL;
 
-	if (!lru->mlrus)
+	if (!list_lru_memcg_aware(lru))
 		goto out;
 
 	memcg = mem_cgroup_from_obj(ptr);
···
 				 unsigned long *nr_to_walk)
 {
 	long isolated = 0;
-	int memcg_idx;
 
 	isolated += list_lru_walk_one(lru, nid, NULL, isolate, cb_arg,
 				      nr_to_walk);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
 	if (*nr_to_walk > 0 && list_lru_memcg_aware(lru)) {
-		for_each_memcg_cache_index(memcg_idx) {
+		struct list_lru_per_memcg *mlru;
+		unsigned long index;
+
+		xa_for_each(&lru->xa, index, mlru) {
 			struct list_lru_node *nlru = &lru->node[nid];
 
 			spin_lock(&nlru->lock);
-			isolated += __list_lru_walk_one(lru, nid, memcg_idx,
+			isolated += __list_lru_walk_one(lru, nid, index,
 							isolate, cb_arg,
 							nr_to_walk);
 			spin_unlock(&nlru->lock);
···
 				break;
 		}
 	}
+#endif
+
 	return isolated;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(list_lru_walk_node);
···
 }
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
-static void memcg_destroy_list_lru_range(struct list_lru_memcg *mlrus,
-					 int begin, int end)
-{
-	int i;
-
-	for (i = begin; i < end; i++)
-		kfree(mlrus->mlru[i]);
-}
-
 static struct list_lru_per_memcg *memcg_init_list_lru_one(gfp_t gfp)
 {
 	int nid;
···
 
 static void memcg_list_lru_free(struct list_lru *lru, int src_idx)
 {
-	struct list_lru_memcg *mlrus;
-	struct list_lru_per_memcg *mlru;
-
-	spin_lock_irq(&lru->lock);
-	mlrus = rcu_dereference_protected(lru->mlrus, true);
-	mlru = rcu_dereference_protected(mlrus->mlru[src_idx], true);
-	rcu_assign_pointer(mlrus->mlru[src_idx], NULL);
-	spin_unlock_irq(&lru->lock);
+	struct list_lru_per_memcg *mlru = xa_erase_irq(&lru->xa, src_idx);
 
 	/*
 	 * The __list_lru_walk_one() can walk the list of this node.
···
 		kvfree_rcu(mlru, rcu);
 }
 
-static int memcg_init_list_lru(struct list_lru *lru, bool memcg_aware)
+static inline void memcg_init_list_lru(struct list_lru *lru, bool memcg_aware)
 {
-	struct list_lru_memcg *mlrus;
-	int size = memcg_nr_cache_ids;
-
+	if (memcg_aware)
+		xa_init_flags(&lru->xa, XA_FLAGS_LOCK_IRQ);
 	lru->memcg_aware = memcg_aware;
-	if (!memcg_aware)
-		return 0;
-
-	spin_lock_init(&lru->lock);
-
-	mlrus = kvzalloc(struct_size(mlrus, mlru, size), GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!mlrus)
-		return -ENOMEM;
-
-	RCU_INIT_POINTER(lru->mlrus, mlrus);
-
-	return 0;
 }
 
 static void memcg_destroy_list_lru(struct list_lru *lru)
 {
-	struct list_lru_memcg *mlrus;
+	XA_STATE(xas, &lru->xa, 0);
+	struct list_lru_per_memcg *mlru;
 
 	if (!list_lru_memcg_aware(lru))
 		return;
 
-	/*
-	 * This is called when shrinker has already been unregistered,
-	 * and nobody can use it. So, there is no need to use kvfree_rcu().
-	 */
-	mlrus = rcu_dereference_protected(lru->mlrus, true);
-	memcg_destroy_list_lru_range(mlrus, 0, memcg_nr_cache_ids);
-	kvfree(mlrus);
-}
-
-static int memcg_update_list_lru(struct list_lru *lru, int old_size, int new_size)
-{
-	struct list_lru_memcg *old, *new;
-
-	BUG_ON(old_size > new_size);
-
-	old = rcu_dereference_protected(lru->mlrus,
-					lockdep_is_held(&list_lrus_mutex));
-	new = kvmalloc(struct_size(new, mlru, new_size), GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!new)
-		return -ENOMEM;
-
-	spin_lock_irq(&lru->lock);
-	memcpy(&new->mlru, &old->mlru, flex_array_size(new, mlru, old_size));
-	memset(&new->mlru[old_size], 0, flex_array_size(new, mlru, new_size - old_size));
-	rcu_assign_pointer(lru->mlrus, new);
-	spin_unlock_irq(&lru->lock);
-
-	kvfree_rcu(old, rcu);
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int memcg_update_all_list_lrus(int new_size)
-{
-	int ret = 0;
-	struct list_lru *lru;
-	int old_size = memcg_nr_cache_ids;
-
-	mutex_lock(&list_lrus_mutex);
-	list_for_each_entry(lru, &memcg_list_lrus, list) {
-		ret = memcg_update_list_lru(lru, old_size, new_size);
-		if (ret)
-			break;
+	xas_lock_irq(&xas);
+	xas_for_each(&xas, mlru, ULONG_MAX) {
+		kfree(mlru);
+		xas_store(&xas, NULL);
 	}
-	mutex_unlock(&list_lrus_mutex);
-	return ret;
+	xas_unlock_irq(&xas);
 }
 
 static void memcg_reparent_list_lru_node(struct list_lru *lru, int nid,
···
 		struct mem_cgroup *child;
 
 		child = mem_cgroup_from_css(css);
-		child->kmemcg_id = parent->kmemcg_id;
+		WRITE_ONCE(child->kmemcg_id, parent->kmemcg_id);
 	}
 	rcu_read_unlock();
 
···
 	mutex_unlock(&list_lrus_mutex);
 }
 
-static bool memcg_list_lru_allocated(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
-				     struct list_lru *lru)
+static inline bool memcg_list_lru_allocated(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
+					    struct list_lru *lru)
 {
-	bool allocated;
-	int idx;
+	int idx = memcg->kmemcg_id;
 
-	idx = memcg->kmemcg_id;
-	if (unlikely(idx < 0))
-		return true;
-
-	rcu_read_lock();
-	allocated = !!rcu_access_pointer(rcu_dereference(lru->mlrus)->mlru[idx]);
-	rcu_read_unlock();
-
-	return allocated;
+	return idx < 0 || xa_load(&lru->xa, idx);
 }
 
 int memcg_list_lru_alloc(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, struct list_lru *lru,
···
 {
 	int i;
 	unsigned long flags;
-	struct list_lru_memcg *mlrus;
 	struct list_lru_memcg_table {
 		struct list_lru_per_memcg *mlru;
 		struct mem_cgroup *memcg;
 	} *table;
+	XA_STATE(xas, &lru->xa, 0);
 
 	if (!list_lru_memcg_aware(lru) || memcg_list_lru_allocated(memcg, lru))
 		return 0;
···
 		}
 	}
 
-	spin_lock_irqsave(&lru->lock, flags);
-	mlrus = rcu_dereference_protected(lru->mlrus, true);
+	xas_lock_irqsave(&xas, flags);
 	while (i--) {
-		int index = table[i].memcg->kmemcg_id;
+		int index = READ_ONCE(table[i].memcg->kmemcg_id);
 		struct list_lru_per_memcg *mlru = table[i].mlru;
 
-		if (index < 0 || rcu_dereference_protected(mlrus->mlru[index], true))
+		xas_set(&xas, index);
+retry:
+		if (unlikely(index < 0 || xas_error(&xas) || xas_load(&xas))) {
 			kfree(mlru);
-		else
-			rcu_assign_pointer(mlrus->mlru[index], mlru);
+		} else {
+			xas_store(&xas, mlru);
+			if (xas_error(&xas) == -ENOMEM) {
+				xas_unlock_irqrestore(&xas, flags);
+				if (xas_nomem(&xas, gfp))
+					xas_set_err(&xas, 0);
+				xas_lock_irqsave(&xas, flags);
+				/*
+				 * The xas lock has been released, this memcg
+				 * can be reparented before us. So reload
+				 * memcg id. More details see the comments
+				 * in memcg_reparent_list_lrus().
+				 */
+				index = READ_ONCE(table[i].memcg->kmemcg_id);
+				if (index < 0)
+					xas_set_err(&xas, 0);
+				else if (!xas_error(&xas) && index != xas.xa_index)
+					xas_set(&xas, index);
+				goto retry;
+			}
+		}
 	}
-	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&lru->lock, flags);
-
+	/* xas_nomem() is used to free memory instead of memory allocation. */
+	if (xas.xa_alloc)
+		xas_nomem(&xas, gfp);
+	xas_unlock_irqrestore(&xas, flags);
 	kfree(table);
 
-	return 0;
+	return xas_error(&xas);
 }
 #else
-static int memcg_init_list_lru(struct list_lru *lru, bool memcg_aware)
+static inline void memcg_init_list_lru(struct list_lru *lru, bool memcg_aware)
 {
-	return 0;
 }
 
 static void memcg_destroy_list_lru(struct list_lru *lru)
···
 		    struct lock_class_key *key, struct shrinker *shrinker)
 {
 	int i;
-	int err = -ENOMEM;
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
 	if (shrinker)
···
 	else
 		lru->shrinker_id = -1;
 #endif
-	memcg_get_cache_ids();
 
 	lru->node = kcalloc(nr_node_ids, sizeof(*lru->node), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!lru->node)
-		goto out;
+		return -ENOMEM;
 
 	for_each_node(i) {
 		spin_lock_init(&lru->node[i].lock);
···
 		init_one_lru(&lru->node[i].lru);
 	}
 
-	err = memcg_init_list_lru(lru, memcg_aware);
-	if (err) {
-		kfree(lru->node);
-		/* Do this so a list_lru_destroy() doesn't crash: */
-		lru->node = NULL;
-		goto out;
-	}
-
+	memcg_init_list_lru(lru, memcg_aware);
 	list_lru_register(lru);
-out:
-	memcg_put_cache_ids();
-	return err;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__list_lru_init);
 
···
 	/* Already destroyed or not yet initialized? */
 	if (!lru->node)
 		return;
-
-	memcg_get_cache_ids();
 
 	list_lru_unregister(lru);
 
···
 #ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
 	lru->shrinker_id = -1;
 #endif
-	memcg_put_cache_ids();
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(list_lru_destroy);

mm/memcontrol.c

···
  * This will be used as a shrinker list's index.
  * The main reason for not using cgroup id for this:
  *  this works better in sparse environments, where we have a lot of memcgs,
- *  but only a few kmem-limited. Or also, if we have, for instance, 200
- *  memcgs, and none but the 200th is kmem-limited, we'd have to have a
- *  200 entry array for that.
- *
- * The current size of the caches array is stored in memcg_nr_cache_ids. It
- * will double each time we have to increase it.
+ *  but only a few kmem-limited.
  */
 static DEFINE_IDA(memcg_cache_ida);
-int memcg_nr_cache_ids;
-
-/* Protects memcg_nr_cache_ids */
-static DECLARE_RWSEM(memcg_cache_ids_sem);
-
-void memcg_get_cache_ids(void)
-{
-	down_read(&memcg_cache_ids_sem);
-}
-
-void memcg_put_cache_ids(void)
-{
-	up_read(&memcg_cache_ids_sem);
-}
 
 /*
- * MIN_SIZE is different than 1, because we would like to avoid going through
- * the alloc/free process all the time. In a small machine, 4 kmem-limited
- * cgroups is a reasonable guess. In the future, it could be a parameter or
- * tunable, but that is strictly not necessary.
- *
  * MAX_SIZE should be as large as the number of cgrp_ids. Ideally, we could get
  * this constant directly from cgroup, but it is understandable that this is
  * better kept as an internal representation in cgroup.c. In any case, the
  * cgrp_id space is not getting any smaller, and we don't have to necessarily
  * increase ours as well if it increases.
  */
-#define MEMCG_CACHES_MIN_SIZE 4
 #define MEMCG_CACHES_MAX_SIZE MEM_CGROUP_ID_MAX
 
 /*
···
 	return objcg;
 }
 
-static int memcg_alloc_cache_id(void)
-{
-	int id, size;
-	int err;
-
-	id = ida_simple_get(&memcg_cache_ida,
-			    0, MEMCG_CACHES_MAX_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (id < 0)
-		return id;
-
-	if (id < memcg_nr_cache_ids)
-		return id;
-
-	/*
-	 * There's no space for the new id in memcg_caches arrays,
-	 * so we have to grow them.
-	 */
-	down_write(&memcg_cache_ids_sem);
-
-	size = 2 * (id + 1);
-	if (size < MEMCG_CACHES_MIN_SIZE)
-		size = MEMCG_CACHES_MIN_SIZE;
-	else if (size > MEMCG_CACHES_MAX_SIZE)
-		size = MEMCG_CACHES_MAX_SIZE;
-
-	err = memcg_update_all_list_lrus(size);
-	if (!err)
-		memcg_nr_cache_ids = size;
-
-	up_write(&memcg_cache_ids_sem);
-
-	if (err) {
-		ida_simple_remove(&memcg_cache_ida, id);
-		return err;
-	}
-	return id;
-}
-
-static void memcg_free_cache_id(int id)
-{
-	ida_simple_remove(&memcg_cache_ida, id);
-}
-
 static void memcg_account_kmem(struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int nr_pages)
 {
 	mod_memcg_state(memcg, MEMCG_KMEM, nr_pages);
···
 	if (unlikely(mem_cgroup_is_root(memcg)))
 		return 0;
 
-	memcg_id = memcg_alloc_cache_id();
+	memcg_id = ida_alloc_max(&memcg_cache_ida, MEMCG_CACHES_MAX_SIZE - 1,
+				 GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (memcg_id < 0)
 		return memcg_id;
 
 	objcg = obj_cgroup_alloc();
 	if (!objcg) {
-		memcg_free_cache_id(memcg_id);
+		ida_free(&memcg_cache_ida, memcg_id);
 		return -ENOMEM;
 	}
 	objcg->memcg = memcg;
···
 	 */
 	memcg_reparent_list_lrus(memcg, parent);
 
-	memcg_free_cache_id(kmemcg_id);
+	ida_free(&memcg_cache_ida, kmemcg_id);
 }
 #else
 static int memcg_online_kmem(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)