Merge tag 'clang-lto-v5.12-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/kees/linux

Pull clang LTO updates from Kees Cook:
"Clang Link Time Optimization.

This is built on the work done preparing for LTO by arm64 folks,
tracing folks, etc. This includes the core changes as well as the
remaining pieces for arm64 (LTO has been the default build method on
Android for about 3 years now, as it is the prerequisite for the
Control Flow Integrity protections).

While x86 LTO enablement is done, it depends on some pending objtool
clean-ups. It's possible that I'll send a "part 2" pull request for
LTO that includes x86 support.

For merge log posterity, and as detailed in commit dc5723b02e52
("kbuild: add support for Clang LTO"), here is the lt;dr to do an LTO
build:

make LLVM=1 LLVM_IAS=1 defconfig
scripts/config -e LTO_CLANG_THIN
make LLVM=1 LLVM_IAS=1

(To do a cross-compile of arm64, add "CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu-"
and "ARCH=arm64" to the "make" command lines.)

Summary:

- Clang LTO build infrastructure and arm64-specific enablement (Sami
Tolvanen)

- Recursive build CC_FLAGS_LTO fix (Alexander Lobakin)"

* tag 'clang-lto-v5.12-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/kees/linux:
kbuild: prevent CC_FLAGS_LTO self-bloating on recursive rebuilds
arm64: allow LTO to be selected
arm64: disable recordmcount with DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS
arm64: vdso: disable LTO
drivers/misc/lkdtm: disable LTO for rodata.o
efi/libstub: disable LTO
scripts/mod: disable LTO for empty.c
modpost: lto: strip .lto from module names
PCI: Fix PREL32 relocations for LTO
init: lto: fix PREL32 relocations
init: lto: ensure initcall ordering
kbuild: lto: add a default list of used symbols
kbuild: lto: merge module sections
kbuild: lto: limit inlining
kbuild: lto: fix module versioning
kbuild: add support for Clang LTO
tracing: move function tracer options to Kconfig

.gitignore

···
 *.so.dbg
 *.su
 *.symtypes
+*.symversions
 *.tab.[ch]
 *.tar
 *.xz

Makefile

···
 export DEBUG_CFLAGS
 
 ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER
-ifdef CONFIG_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
-  # gcc 5 supports generating the mcount tables directly
-  ifeq ($(call cc-option-yn,-mrecord-mcount),y)
-    CC_FLAGS_FTRACE	+= -mrecord-mcount
-    export CC_USING_RECORD_MCOUNT := 1
-  endif
+ifdef CONFIG_FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_CC
+  CC_FLAGS_FTRACE	+= -mrecord-mcount
   ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_NOP_MCOUNT
     ifeq ($(call cc-option-yn, -mnop-mcount),y)
       CC_FLAGS_FTRACE	+= -mnop-mcount
       CC_FLAGS_USING	+= -DCC_USING_NOP_MCOUNT
     endif
+  endif
+endif
+ifdef CONFIG_FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_RECORDMCOUNT
+  ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_C_RECORDMCOUNT
+    BUILD_C_RECORDMCOUNT := y
+    export BUILD_C_RECORDMCOUNT
   endif
 endif
 ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_FENTRY
···
 export CC_FLAGS_FTRACE
 KBUILD_CFLAGS	+= $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE) $(CC_FLAGS_USING)
 KBUILD_AFLAGS	+= $(CC_FLAGS_USING)
-ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE
-	ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_C_RECORDMCOUNT
-		BUILD_C_RECORDMCOUNT := y
-		export BUILD_C_RECORDMCOUNT
-	endif
-endif
 endif
 
 # We trigger additional mismatches with less inlining
···
 CC_FLAGS_SCS	:= -fsanitize=shadow-call-stack
 KBUILD_CFLAGS	+= $(CC_FLAGS_SCS)
 export CC_FLAGS_SCS
+endif
+
+ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG
+ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG_THIN
+CC_FLAGS_LTO	:= -flto=thin -fsplit-lto-unit
+KBUILD_LDFLAGS	+= --thinlto-cache-dir=$(extmod-prefix).thinlto-cache
+else
+CC_FLAGS_LTO	:= -flto
+endif
+CC_FLAGS_LTO	+= -fvisibility=hidden
+
+# Limit inlining across translation units to reduce binary size
+KBUILD_LDFLAGS += -mllvm -import-instr-limit=5
+endif
+
+ifdef CONFIG_LTO
+KBUILD_CFLAGS	+= $(CC_FLAGS_LTO)
+export CC_FLAGS_LTO
 endif
 
 ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_FORCE_FUNCTION_ALIGN_32B
···
 		  *.spec
 
 # Directories & files removed with 'make distclean'
-DISTCLEAN_FILES += tags TAGS cscope* GPATH GTAGS GRTAGS GSYMS
+DISTCLEAN_FILES += tags TAGS cscope* GPATH GTAGS GRTAGS GSYMS .thinlto-cache
 
 # clean - Delete most, but leave enough to build external modules
 #
···
 
 clean-dirs := $(KBUILD_EXTMOD)
 clean: rm-files := $(KBUILD_EXTMOD)/Module.symvers $(KBUILD_EXTMOD)/modules.nsdeps \
-	$(KBUILD_EXTMOD)/compile_commands.json
+	$(KBUILD_EXTMOD)/compile_commands.json $(KBUILD_EXTMOD)/.thinlto-cache
 
 PHONY += help
 help:
···
 		-o -name '.tmp_*.o.*' \
 		-o -name '*.c.[012]*.*' \
 		-o -name '*.ll' \
-		-o -name '*.gcno' \) -type f -print | xargs rm -f
+		-o -name '*.gcno' \
+		-o -name '*.*.symversions' \) -type f -print | xargs rm -f
 
 # Generate tags for editors
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

arch/Kconfig

···
 	  reading and writing arbitrary memory may be able to locate them
 	  and hijack control flow by modifying the stacks.
 
+config LTO
+	bool
+	help
+	  Selected if the kernel will be built using the compiler's LTO feature.
+
+config LTO_CLANG
+	bool
+	select LTO
+	help
+	  Selected if the kernel will be built using Clang's LTO feature.
+
+config ARCH_SUPPORTS_LTO_CLANG
+	bool
+	help
+	  An architecture should select this option if it supports:
+	  - compiling with Clang,
+	  - compiling inline assembly with Clang's integrated assembler,
+	  - and linking with LLD.
+
+config ARCH_SUPPORTS_LTO_CLANG_THIN
+	bool
+	help
+	  An architecture should select this option if it can support Clang's
+	  ThinLTO mode.
+
+config HAS_LTO_CLANG
+	def_bool y
+	# Clang >= 11: https://github.com/ClangBuiltLinux/linux/issues/510
+	depends on CC_IS_CLANG && CLANG_VERSION >= 110000 && LD_IS_LLD
+	depends on $(success,test $(LLVM) -eq 1)
+	depends on $(success,test $(LLVM_IAS) -eq 1)
+	depends on $(success,$(NM) --help | head -n 1 | grep -qi llvm)
+	depends on $(success,$(AR) --help | head -n 1 | grep -qi llvm)
+	depends on ARCH_SUPPORTS_LTO_CLANG
+	depends on !FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_RECORDMCOUNT
+	depends on !KASAN
+	depends on !GCOV_KERNEL
+	help
+	  The compiler and Kconfig options support building with Clang's
+	  LTO.
+
+choice
+	prompt "Link Time Optimization (LTO)"
+	default LTO_NONE
+	help
+	  This option enables Link Time Optimization (LTO), which allows the
+	  compiler to optimize binaries globally.
+
+	  If unsure, select LTO_NONE. Note that LTO is very resource-intensive
+	  so it's disabled by default.
+
+config LTO_NONE
+	bool "None"
+	help
+	  Build the kernel normally, without Link Time Optimization (LTO).
+
+config LTO_CLANG_FULL
+	bool "Clang Full LTO (EXPERIMENTAL)"
+	depends on HAS_LTO_CLANG
+	depends on !COMPILE_TEST
+	select LTO_CLANG
+	help
+          This option enables Clang's full Link Time Optimization (LTO), which
+          allows the compiler to optimize the kernel globally. If you enable
+          this option, the compiler generates LLVM bitcode instead of ELF
+          object files, and the actual compilation from bitcode happens at
+          the LTO link step, which may take several minutes depending on the
+          kernel configuration. More information can be found from LLVM's
+          documentation:
+
+	    https://llvm.org/docs/LinkTimeOptimization.html
+
+	  During link time, this option can use a large amount of RAM, and
+	  may take much longer than the ThinLTO option.
+
+config LTO_CLANG_THIN
+	bool "Clang ThinLTO (EXPERIMENTAL)"
+	depends on HAS_LTO_CLANG && ARCH_SUPPORTS_LTO_CLANG_THIN
+	select LTO_CLANG
+	help
+	  This option enables Clang's ThinLTO, which allows for parallel
+	  optimization and faster incremental compiles compared to the
+	  CONFIG_LTO_CLANG_FULL option. More information can be found
+	  from Clang's documentation:
+
+	    https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ThinLTO.html
+
+	  If unsure, say Y.
+endchoice
+
 config HAVE_ARCH_WITHIN_STACK_FRAMES
 	bool
 	help

arch/arm64/Kconfig

···
 	select ARCH_SUPPORTS_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC
 	select ARCH_SUPPORTS_MEMORY_FAILURE
 	select ARCH_SUPPORTS_SHADOW_CALL_STACK if CC_HAVE_SHADOW_CALL_STACK
+	select ARCH_SUPPORTS_LTO_CLANG if CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+	select ARCH_SUPPORTS_LTO_CLANG_THIN
 	select ARCH_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_RMW
 	select ARCH_SUPPORTS_INT128 if CC_HAS_INT128 && (GCC_VERSION >= 50000 || CC_IS_CLANG)
 	select ARCH_SUPPORTS_NUMA_BALANCING
···
 	select HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE
 	select HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS \
 		if $(cc-option,-fpatchable-function-entry=2)
+	select FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_PATCHABLE_FUNCTION_ENTRY \
+		if DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS
 	select HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
 	select HAVE_FAST_GUP
 	select HAVE_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD

arch/arm64/kernel/vdso/Makefile

···
 ccflags-y := -fno-common -fno-builtin -fno-stack-protector -ffixed-x18
 ccflags-y += -DDISABLE_BRANCH_PROFILING -DBUILD_VDSO
 
-CFLAGS_REMOVE_vgettimeofday.o = $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE) -Os $(CC_FLAGS_SCS) $(GCC_PLUGINS_CFLAGS)
+CFLAGS_REMOVE_vgettimeofday.o = $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE) -Os $(CC_FLAGS_SCS) $(GCC_PLUGINS_CFLAGS) \
+				$(CC_FLAGS_LTO)
 KASAN_SANITIZE			:= n
 UBSAN_SANITIZE			:= n
 OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD	:= y

drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/Makefile

···
 
 # remove SCS flags from all objects in this directory
 KBUILD_CFLAGS := $(filter-out $(CC_FLAGS_SCS), $(KBUILD_CFLAGS))
+# disable LTO
+KBUILD_CFLAGS := $(filter-out $(CC_FLAGS_LTO), $(KBUILD_CFLAGS))
 
 GCOV_PROFILE			:= n
 # Sanitizer runtimes are unavailable and cannot be linked here.

drivers/misc/lkdtm/Makefile

···
 KASAN_SANITIZE_rodata.o		:= n
 KASAN_SANITIZE_stackleak.o	:= n
 KCOV_INSTRUMENT_rodata.o	:= n
+CFLAGS_REMOVE_rodata.o		+= $(CC_FLAGS_LTO)
 
 OBJCOPYFLAGS :=
 OBJCOPYFLAGS_rodata_objcopy.o	:= \

include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h

···
  * .data. We don't want to pull in .data..other sections, which Linux
  * has defined. Same for text and bss.
  *
+ * With LTO_CLANG, the linker also splits sections by default, so we need
+ * these macros to combine the sections during the final link.
+ *
  * RODATA_MAIN is not used because existing code already defines .rodata.x
  * sections to be brought in with rodata.
  */
-#ifdef CONFIG_LD_DEAD_CODE_DATA_ELIMINATION
+#if defined(CONFIG_LD_DEAD_CODE_DATA_ELIMINATION) || defined(CONFIG_LTO_CLANG)
 #define TEXT_MAIN .text .text.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*
 #define DATA_MAIN .data .data.[0-9a-zA-Z_]* .data..L* .data..compoundliteral* .data.$__unnamed_* .data.$Lubsan_*
 #define SDATA_MAIN .sdata .sdata.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*

include/linux/init.h

···
  * as KEEP() in the linker script.
  */
 
+/* Format: <modname>__<counter>_<line>_<fn> */
+#define __initcall_id(fn)					\
+	__PASTE(__KBUILD_MODNAME,				\
+	__PASTE(__,						\
+	__PASTE(__COUNTER__,					\
+	__PASTE(_,						\
+	__PASTE(__LINE__,					\
+	__PASTE(_, fn))))))
+
+/* Format: __<prefix>__<iid><id> */
+#define __initcall_name(prefix, __iid, id)			\
+	__PASTE(__,						\
+	__PASTE(prefix,						\
+	__PASTE(__,						\
+	__PASTE(__iid, id))))
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG
+/*
+ * With LTO, the compiler doesn't necessarily obey link order for
+ * initcalls. In order to preserve the correct order, we add each
+ * variable into its own section and generate a linker script (in
+ * scripts/link-vmlinux.sh) to specify the order of the sections.
+ */
+#define __initcall_section(__sec, __iid)			\
+	#__sec ".init.." #__iid
+
+/*
+ * With LTO, the compiler can rename static functions to avoid
+ * global naming collisions. We use a global stub function for
+ * initcalls to create a stable symbol name whose address can be
+ * taken in inline assembly when PREL32 relocations are used.
+ */
+#define __initcall_stub(fn, __iid, id)				\
+	__initcall_name(initstub, __iid, id)
+
+#define __define_initcall_stub(__stub, fn)			\
+	int __init __stub(void);				\
+	int __init __stub(void)					\
+	{ 							\
+		return fn();					\
+	}							\
+	__ADDRESSABLE(__stub)
+#else
+#define __initcall_section(__sec, __iid)			\
+	#__sec ".init"
+
+#define __initcall_stub(fn, __iid, id)	fn
+
+#define __define_initcall_stub(__stub, fn)			\
+	__ADDRESSABLE(fn)
+#endif
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_PREL32_RELOCATIONS
-#define ___define_initcall(fn, id, __sec)			\
-	__ADDRESSABLE(fn)					\
-	asm(".section	\"" #__sec ".init\", \"a\"	\n"	\
-	"__initcall_" #fn #id ":			\n"	\
-	    ".long	" #fn " - .			\n"	\
+#define ____define_initcall(fn, __stub, __name, __sec)		\
+	__define_initcall_stub(__stub, fn)			\
+	asm(".section	\"" __sec "\", \"a\"		\n"	\
+	    __stringify(__name) ":			\n"	\
+	    ".long	" __stringify(__stub) " - .	\n"	\
 	    ".previous					\n");
 #else
-#define ___define_initcall(fn, id, __sec) \
-	static initcall_t __initcall_##fn##id __used \
-		__attribute__((__section__(#__sec ".init"))) = fn;
+#define ____define_initcall(fn, __unused, __name, __sec)	\
+	static initcall_t __name __used 			\
+		__attribute__((__section__(__sec))) = fn;
 #endif
+
+#define __unique_initcall(fn, id, __sec, __iid)			\
+	____define_initcall(fn,					\
+		__initcall_stub(fn, __iid, id),			\
+		__initcall_name(initcall, __iid, id),		\
+		__initcall_section(__sec, __iid))
+
+#define ___define_initcall(fn, id, __sec)			\
+	__unique_initcall(fn, id, __sec, __initcall_id(fn))
 
 #define __define_initcall(fn, id) ___define_initcall(fn, id, .initcall##id)
 
···
 #define __exitcall(fn)						\
 	static exitcall_t __exitcall_##fn __exit_call = fn
 
-#define console_initcall(fn)	___define_initcall(fn,, .con_initcall)
+#define console_initcall(fn)	___define_initcall(fn, con, .con_initcall)
 
 struct obs_kernel_param {
 	const char *str;

include/linux/pci.h

···
 };
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_PREL32_RELOCATIONS
-#define __DECLARE_PCI_FIXUP_SECTION(sec, name, vendor, device, class,	\
+#define ___DECLARE_PCI_FIXUP_SECTION(sec, name, vendor, device, class,	\
 				    class_shift, hook)			\
 	__ADDRESSABLE(hook)						\
 	asm(".section "	#sec ", \"a\"				\n"	\
···
 	    ".long "	#class ", " #class_shift "		\n"	\
 	    ".long "	#hook " - .				\n"	\
 	    ".previous						\n");
+
+/*
+ * Clang's LTO may rename static functions in C, but has no way to
+ * handle such renamings when referenced from inline asm. To work
+ * around this, create global C stubs for these cases.
+ */
+#ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG
+#define __DECLARE_PCI_FIXUP_SECTION(sec, name, vendor, device, class,	\
+				  class_shift, hook, stub)		\
+	void stub(struct pci_dev *dev);					\
+	void stub(struct pci_dev *dev)					\
+	{ 								\
+		hook(dev); 						\
+	}								\
+	___DECLARE_PCI_FIXUP_SECTION(sec, name, vendor, device, class,	\
+				  class_shift, stub)
+#else
+#define __DECLARE_PCI_FIXUP_SECTION(sec, name, vendor, device, class,	\
+				  class_shift, hook, stub)		\
+	___DECLARE_PCI_FIXUP_SECTION(sec, name, vendor, device, class,	\
+				  class_shift, hook)
+#endif
+
 #define DECLARE_PCI_FIXUP_SECTION(sec, name, vendor, device, class,	\
 				  class_shift, hook)			\
 	__DECLARE_PCI_FIXUP_SECTION(sec, name, vendor, device, class,	\
-				  class_shift, hook)
+				  class_shift, hook, __UNIQUE_ID(hook))
 #else
 /* Anonymous variables would be nice... */
 #define DECLARE_PCI_FIXUP_SECTION(section, name, vendor, device, class,	\

init/Kconfig

···
 config UNUSED_KSYMS_WHITELIST
 	string "Whitelist of symbols to keep in ksymtab"
 	depends on TRIM_UNUSED_KSYMS
+	default "scripts/lto-used-symbollist.txt" if LTO_CLANG
 	help
 	  By default, all unused exported symbols will be un-exported from the
 	  build when TRIM_UNUSED_KSYMS is selected.

kernel/trace/Kconfig

···
 	depends on DYNAMIC_FTRACE
 	depends on HAVE_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
 
+config FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_PATCHABLE_FUNCTION_ENTRY
+	bool
+	depends on FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
+
+config FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_CC
+	def_bool y
+	depends on $(cc-option,-mrecord-mcount)
+	depends on !FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_PATCHABLE_FUNCTION_ENTRY
+	depends on FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
+
+config FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_RECORDMCOUNT
+	def_bool y
+	depends on !FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_PATCHABLE_FUNCTION_ENTRY
+	depends on !FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_CC
+	depends on FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
+
 config TRACING_MAP
 	bool
 	depends on ARCH_HAVE_NMI_SAFE_CMPXCHG

scripts/Makefile.build

···
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 quiet_cmd_cc_s_c = CC $(quiet_modtag)  $@
-      cmd_cc_s_c = $(CC) $(filter-out $(DEBUG_CFLAGS), $(c_flags)) -fverbose-asm -S -o $@ $<
+      cmd_cc_s_c = $(CC) $(filter-out $(DEBUG_CFLAGS) $(CC_FLAGS_LTO), $(c_flags)) -fverbose-asm -S -o $@ $<
 
 $(obj)/%.s: $(src)/%.c FORCE
 	$(call if_changed_dep,cc_s_c)
···
 #   the actual value of the checksum generated by genksyms
 # o remove .tmp_<file>.o to <file>.o
 
+ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG
+# Generate .o.symversions files for each .o with exported symbols, and link these
+# to the kernel and/or modules at the end.
+cmd_modversions_c =								\
+	if $(NM) $@ 2>/dev/null | grep -q __ksymtab; then			\
+		$(call cmd_gensymtypes_c,$(KBUILD_SYMTYPES),$(@:.o=.symtypes))	\
+		    > $@.symversions;						\
+	fi;
+else
 cmd_modversions_c =								\
 	if $(OBJDUMP) -h $@ | grep -q __ksymtab; then				\
 		$(call cmd_gensymtypes_c,$(KBUILD_SYMTYPES),$(@:.o=.symtypes))	\
···
 		rm -f $(@D)/.tmp_$(@F:.o=.ver);					\
 	fi
 endif
+endif
 
-ifdef CONFIG_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
-ifndef CC_USING_RECORD_MCOUNT
+ifdef CONFIG_FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_RECORDMCOUNT
 # compiler will not generate __mcount_loc use recordmcount or recordmcount.pl
 ifdef BUILD_C_RECORDMCOUNT
 ifeq ("$(origin RECORDMCOUNT_WARN)", "command line")
···
 endif # BUILD_C_RECORDMCOUNT
 cmd_record_mcount = $(if $(findstring $(strip $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)),$(_c_flags)),	\
 	$(sub_cmd_record_mcount))
-endif # CC_USING_RECORD_MCOUNT
-endif # CONFIG_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
+endif # CONFIG_FTRACE_MCOUNT_USE_RECORDMCOUNT
 
 ifdef CONFIG_STACK_VALIDATION
 ifneq ($(SKIP_STACK_VALIDATION),1)
···
 $(subdir-builtin): $(obj)/%/built-in.a: $(obj)/% ;
 $(subdir-modorder): $(obj)/%/modules.order: $(obj)/% ;
 
+# combine symversions for later processing
+quiet_cmd_update_lto_symversions = SYMVER  $@
+ifeq ($(CONFIG_LTO_CLANG) $(CONFIG_MODVERSIONS),y y)
+      cmd_update_lto_symversions =					\
+	rm -f $@.symversions						\
+	$(foreach n, $(filter-out FORCE,$^),				\
+		$(if $(wildcard $(n).symversions),			\
+			; cat $(n).symversions >> $@.symversions))
+else
+      cmd_update_lto_symversions = echo >/dev/null
+endif
+
 #
 # Rule to compile a set of .o files into one .a file (without symbol table)
 #
···
 quiet_cmd_ar_builtin = AR      $@
       cmd_ar_builtin = rm -f $@; $(AR) cDPrST $@ $(real-prereqs)
 
+quiet_cmd_ar_and_symver = AR      $@
+      cmd_ar_and_symver = $(cmd_update_lto_symversions); $(cmd_ar_builtin)
+
 $(obj)/built-in.a: $(real-obj-y) FORCE
-	$(call if_changed,ar_builtin)
+	$(call if_changed,ar_and_symver)
 
 #
 # Rule to create modules.order file
···
 #
 # Rule to compile a set of .o files into one .a file (with symbol table)
 #
+quiet_cmd_ar_lib = AR      $@
+      cmd_ar_lib = $(cmd_update_lto_symversions); $(cmd_ar)
+
 $(obj)/lib.a: $(lib-y) FORCE
-	$(call if_changed,ar)
+	$(call if_changed,ar_lib)
 
 # NOTE:
 # Do not replace $(filter %.o,^) with $(real-prereqs). When a single object
 # module is turned into a multi object module, $^ will contain header file
 # dependencies recorded in the .*.cmd file.
+ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG
+quiet_cmd_link_multi-m = AR [M]  $@
+cmd_link_multi-m =						\
+	$(cmd_update_lto_symversions);				\
+	rm -f $@; 						\
+	$(AR) cDPrsT $@ $(filter %.o,$^)
+else
 quiet_cmd_link_multi-m = LD [M]  $@
       cmd_link_multi-m = $(LD) $(ld_flags) -r -o $@ $(filter %.o,$^)
+endif
 
 $(multi-used-m): FORCE
 	$(call if_changed,link_multi-m)

scripts/Makefile.lib

···
 # These flags are needed for modversions and compiling, so we define them here
 # $(modname_flags) defines KBUILD_MODNAME as the name of the module it will
 # end up in (or would, if it gets compiled in)
-name-fix = $(call stringify,$(subst $(comma),_,$(subst -,_,$1)))
+name-fix-token = $(subst $(comma),_,$(subst -,_,$1))
+name-fix = $(call stringify,$(call name-fix-token,$1))
 basename_flags = -DKBUILD_BASENAME=$(call name-fix,$(basetarget))
-modname_flags  = -DKBUILD_MODNAME=$(call name-fix,$(modname))
+modname_flags  = -DKBUILD_MODNAME=$(call name-fix,$(modname)) \
+		 -D__KBUILD_MODNAME=kmod_$(call name-fix-token,$(modname))
 modfile_flags  = -DKBUILD_MODFILE=$(call stringify,$(modfile))
 
 _c_flags       = $(filter-out $(CFLAGS_REMOVE_$(target-stem).o), \

scripts/Makefile.modfinal

···
 
 ARCH_POSTLINK := $(wildcard $(srctree)/arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile.postlink)
 
+ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG
+# With CONFIG_LTO_CLANG, reuse the object file we compiled for modpost to
+# avoid a second slow LTO link
+prelink-ext := .lto
+endif
+
 quiet_cmd_ld_ko_o = LD [M]  $@
       cmd_ld_ko_o =                                                     \
 	$(LD) -r $(KBUILD_LDFLAGS)					\
···
 	$(cmd);                                                              \
 	printf '%s\n' 'cmd_$@ := $(make-cmd)' > $(dot-target).cmd, @:)
 
+
 # Re-generate module BTFs if either module's .ko or vmlinux changed
-$(modules): %.ko: %.o %.mod.o scripts/module.lds $(if $(KBUILD_BUILTIN),vmlinux) FORCE
+$(modules): %.ko: %$(prelink-ext).o %.mod.o scripts/module.lds $(if $(KBUILD_BUILTIN),vmlinux) FORCE
 	+$(call if_changed_except,ld_ko_o,vmlinux)
 ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF_MODULES
 	+$(if $(newer-prereqs),$(call cmd,btf_ko))

scripts/Makefile.modpost

···
 include include/config/auto.conf
 include scripts/Kbuild.include
 
+# for ld_flags
+include scripts/Makefile.lib
+
 MODPOST = scripts/mod/modpost								\
 	$(if $(CONFIG_MODVERSIONS),-m)							\
 	$(if $(CONFIG_MODULE_SRCVERSION_ALL),-a)					\
···
 	@echo >&2 'WARNING: Symbol version dump "$@" is missing.'
 	@echo >&2 '         Modules may not have dependencies or modversions.'
 
+ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG
+# With CONFIG_LTO_CLANG, .o files might be LLVM bitcode, so we need to run
+# LTO to compile them into native code before running modpost
+prelink-ext := .lto
+
+quiet_cmd_cc_lto_link_modules = LTO [M] $@
+cmd_cc_lto_link_modules =						\
+	$(LD) $(ld_flags) -r -o $@					\
+		$(shell [ -s $(@:.lto.o=.o.symversions) ] &&		\
+			echo -T $(@:.lto.o=.o.symversions))		\
+		--whole-archive $^
+
+%.lto.o: %.o
+	$(call if_changed,cc_lto_link_modules)
+endif
+
+modules := $(sort $(shell cat $(MODORDER)))
+
 # Read out modules.order to pass in modpost.
 # Otherwise, allmodconfig would fail with "Argument list too long".
 quiet_cmd_modpost = MODPOST $@
-      cmd_modpost = sed 's/ko$$/o/' $< | $(MODPOST) -T -
+      cmd_modpost = sed 's/\.ko$$/$(prelink-ext)\.o/' $< | $(MODPOST) -T -
 
-$(output-symdump): $(MODORDER) $(input-symdump) FORCE
+$(output-symdump): $(MODORDER) $(input-symdump) $(modules:.ko=$(prelink-ext).o) FORCE
 	$(call if_changed,modpost)
 
 targets += $(output-symdump)

scripts/generate_initcall_order.pl

···
+#!/usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+#
+# Generates a linker script that specifies the correct initcall order.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2019 Google LLC
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use IO::Handle;
+use IO::Select;
+use POSIX ":sys_wait_h";
+
+my $nm = $ENV{'NM'} || die "$0: ERROR: NM not set?";
+my $objtree = $ENV{'objtree'} || '.';
+
+## currently active child processes
+my $jobs = {};		# child process pid -> file handle
+## results from child processes
+my $results = {};	# object index -> [ { level, secname }, ... ]
+
+## reads _NPROCESSORS_ONLN to determine the maximum number of processes to
+## start
+sub get_online_processors {
+	open(my $fh, "getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN 2>/dev/null |")
+		or die "$0: ERROR: failed to execute getconf: $!";
+	my $procs = <$fh>;
+	close($fh);
+
+	if (!($procs =~ /^\d+$/)) {
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	return int($procs);
+}
+
+## writes results to the parent process
+## format: <file index> <initcall level> <base initcall section name>
+sub write_results {
+	my ($index, $initcalls) = @_;
+
+	# sort by the counter value to ensure the order of initcalls within
+	# each object file is correct
+	foreach my $counter (sort { $a <=> $b } keys(%{$initcalls})) {
+		my $level = $initcalls->{$counter}->{'level'};
+
+		# section name for the initcall function
+		my $secname = $initcalls->{$counter}->{'module'} . '__' .
+			      $counter . '_' .
+			      $initcalls->{$counter}->{'line'} . '_' .
+			      $initcalls->{$counter}->{'function'};
+
+		print "$index $level $secname\n";
+	}
+}
+
+## reads a result line from a child process and adds it to the $results array
+sub read_results{
+	my ($fh) = @_;
+
+	# each child prints out a full line w/ autoflush and exits after the
+	# last line, so even if buffered I/O blocks here, it shouldn't block
+	# very long
+	my $data = <$fh>;
+
+	if (!defined($data)) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	chomp($data);
+
+	my ($index, $level, $secname) = $data =~
+		/^(\d+)\ ([^\ ]+)\ (.*)$/;
+
+	if (!defined($index) ||
+		!defined($level) ||
+		!defined($secname)) {
+		die "$0: ERROR: child process returned invalid data: $data\n";
+	}
+
+	$index = int($index);
+
+	if (!exists($results->{$index})) {
+		$results->{$index} = [];
+	}
+
+	push (@{$results->{$index}}, {
+		'level'   => $level,
+		'secname' => $secname
+	});
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+## finds initcalls from an object file or all object files in an archive, and
+## writes results back to the parent process
+sub find_initcalls {
+	my ($index, $file) = @_;
+
+	die "$0: ERROR: file $file doesn't exist?" if (! -f $file);
+
+	open(my $fh, "\"$nm\" --defined-only \"$file\" 2>/dev/null |")
+		or die "$0: ERROR: failed to execute \"$nm\": $!";
+
+	my $initcalls = {};
+
+	while (<$fh>) {
+		chomp;
+
+		# check for the start of a new object file (if processing an
+		# archive)
+		my ($path)= $_ =~ /^(.+)\:$/;
+
+		if (defined($path)) {
+			write_results($index, $initcalls);
+			$initcalls = {};
+			next;
+		}
+
+		# look for an initcall
+		my ($module, $counter, $line, $symbol) = $_ =~
+			/[a-z]\s+__initcall__(\S*)__(\d+)_(\d+)_(.*)$/;
+
+		if (!defined($module)) {
+			$module = ''
+		}
+
+		if (!defined($counter) ||
+			!defined($line) ||
+			!defined($symbol)) {
+			next;
+		}
+
+		# parse initcall level
+		my ($function, $level) = $symbol =~
+			/^(.*)((early|rootfs|con|[0-9])s?)$/;
+
+		die "$0: ERROR: invalid initcall name $symbol in $file($path)"
+			if (!defined($function) || !defined($level));
+
+		$initcalls->{$counter} = {
+			'module'   => $module,
+			'line'     => $line,
+			'function' => $function,
+			'level'    => $level,
+		};
+	}
+
+	close($fh);
+	write_results($index, $initcalls);
+}
+
+## waits for any child process to complete, reads the results, and adds them to
+## the $results array for later processing
+sub wait_for_results {
+	my ($select) = @_;
+
+	my $pid = 0;
+	do {
+		# unblock children that may have a full write buffer
+		foreach my $fh ($select->can_read(0)) {
+			read_results($fh);
+		}
+
+		# check for children that have exited, read the remaining data
+		# from them, and clean up
+		$pid = waitpid(-1, WNOHANG);
+		if ($pid > 0) {
+			if (!exists($jobs->{$pid})) {
+				next;
+			}
+
+			my $fh = $jobs->{$pid};
+			$select->remove($fh);
+
+			while (read_results($fh)) {
+				# until eof
+			}
+
+			close($fh);
+			delete($jobs->{$pid});
+		}
+	} while ($pid > 0);
+}
+
+## forks a child to process each file passed in the command line and collects
+## the results
+sub process_files {
+	my $index = 0;
+	my $njobs = $ENV{'PARALLELISM'} || get_online_processors();
+	my $select = IO::Select->new();
+
+	while (my $file = shift(@ARGV)) {
+		# fork a child process and read it's stdout
+		my $pid = open(my $fh, '-|');
+
+		if (!defined($pid)) {
+			die "$0: ERROR: failed to fork: $!";
+		} elsif ($pid) {
+			# save the child process pid and the file handle
+			$select->add($fh);
+			$jobs->{$pid} = $fh;
+		} else {
+			# in the child process
+			STDOUT->autoflush(1);
+			find_initcalls($index, "$objtree/$file");
+			exit;
+		}
+
+		$index++;
+
+		# limit the number of children to $njobs
+		if (scalar(keys(%{$jobs})) >= $njobs) {
+			wait_for_results($select);
+		}
+	}
+
+	# wait for the remaining children to complete
+	while (scalar(keys(%{$jobs})) > 0) {
+		wait_for_results($select);
+	}
+}
+
+sub generate_initcall_lds() {
+	process_files();
+
+	my $sections = {};	# level -> [ secname, ...]
+
+	# sort results to retain link order and split to sections per
+	# initcall level
+	foreach my $index (sort { $a <=> $b } keys(%{$results})) {
+		foreach my $result (@{$results->{$index}}) {
+			my $level = $result->{'level'};
+
+			if (!exists($sections->{$level})) {
+				$sections->{$level} = [];
+			}
+
+			push(@{$sections->{$level}}, $result->{'secname'});
+		}
+	}
+
+	die "$0: ERROR: no initcalls?" if (!keys(%{$sections}));
+
+	# print out a linker script that defines the order of initcalls for
+	# each level
+	print "SECTIONS {\n";
+
+	foreach my $level (sort(keys(%{$sections}))) {
+		my $section;
+
+		if ($level eq 'con') {
+			$section = '.con_initcall.init';
+		} else {
+			$section = ".initcall${level}.init";
+		}
+
+		print "\t${section} : {\n";
+
+		foreach my $secname (@{$sections->{$level}}) {
+			print "\t\t*(${section}..${secname}) ;\n";
+		}
+
+		print "\t}\n";
+	}
+
+	print "}\n";
+}
+
+generate_initcall_lds();

scripts/link-vmlinux.sh

···
 	fi
 }
 
+# Generate a linker script to ensure correct ordering of initcalls.
+gen_initcalls()
+{
+	info GEN .tmp_initcalls.lds
+
+	${PYTHON} ${srctree}/scripts/jobserver-exec		\
+	${PERL} ${srctree}/scripts/generate_initcall_order.pl	\
+		${KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS} ${KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS}	\
+		> .tmp_initcalls.lds
+}
+
+# If CONFIG_LTO_CLANG is selected, collect generated symbol versions into
+# .tmp_symversions.lds
+gen_symversions()
+{
+	info GEN .tmp_symversions.lds
+	rm -f .tmp_symversions.lds
+
+	for o in ${KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS} ${KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS}; do
+		if [ -f ${o}.symversions ]; then
+			cat ${o}.symversions >> .tmp_symversions.lds
+		fi
+	done
+}
+
 # Link of vmlinux.o used for section mismatch analysis
 # ${1} output file
 modpost_link()
 {
 	local objects
+	local lds=""
 
 	objects="--whole-archive				\
 		${KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS}				\
···
 		${KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS}				\
 		--end-group"
 
-	${LD} ${KBUILD_LDFLAGS} -r -o ${1} ${objects}
+	if [ -n "${CONFIG_LTO_CLANG}" ]; then
+		gen_initcalls
+		lds="-T .tmp_initcalls.lds"
+
+		if [ -n "${CONFIG_MODVERSIONS}" ]; then
+			gen_symversions
+			lds="${lds} -T .tmp_symversions.lds"
+		fi
+
+		# This might take a while, so indicate that we're doing
+		# an LTO link
+		info LTO ${1}
+	else
+		info LD ${1}
+	fi
+
+	${LD} ${KBUILD_LDFLAGS} -r -o ${1} ${lds} ${objects}
 }
 
 objtool_link()
···
 	fi
 
 	if [ "${SRCARCH}" != "um" ]; then
-		objects="--whole-archive			\
-			${KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS}			\
-			--no-whole-archive			\
-			--start-group				\
-			${KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS}			\
-			--end-group				\
-			${@}"
+		if [ -n "${CONFIG_LTO_CLANG}" ]; then
+			# Use vmlinux.o instead of performing the slow LTO
+			# link again.
+			objects="--whole-archive		\
+				vmlinux.o 			\
+				--no-whole-archive		\
+				${@}"
+		else
+			objects="--whole-archive		\
+				${KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS}		\
+				--no-whole-archive		\
+				--start-group			\
+				${KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS}		\
+				--end-group			\
+				${@}"
+		fi
 
 		${LD} ${KBUILD_LDFLAGS} ${LDFLAGS_vmlinux}	\
 			${strip_debug#-Wl,}			\
···
 {
 	rm -f .btf.*
 	rm -f .tmp_System.map
+	rm -f .tmp_initcalls.lds
+	rm -f .tmp_symversions.lds
 	rm -f .tmp_vmlinux*
 	rm -f System.map
 	rm -f vmlinux
···
 ${MAKE} -f "${srctree}/scripts/Makefile.build" obj=init need-builtin=1
 
 #link vmlinux.o
-info LD vmlinux.o
 modpost_link vmlinux.o
 objtool_link vmlinux.o
 

scripts/lto-used-symbollist.txt

···
+memcpy
+memmove
+memset
+__stack_chk_fail
+__stack_chk_guard

scripts/mod/Makefile

···
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD := y
+CFLAGS_REMOVE_empty.o += $(CC_FLAGS_LTO)
 
 hostprogs-always-y	+= modpost mk_elfconfig
 always-y		+= empty.o

scripts/mod/modpost.c

···
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <limits.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include "modpost.h"
 #include "../../include/linux/license.h"
···
 		exit(1);
 	if (loglevel == LOG_ERROR)
 		error_occurred = true;
-}
-
-static inline bool strends(const char *str, const char *postfix)
-{
-	if (strlen(str) < strlen(postfix))
-		return false;
-
-	return strcmp(str + strlen(str) - strlen(postfix), postfix) == 0;
 }
 
 void *do_nofail(void *ptr, const char *expr)
···
 		size_t m = strspn(s + n + 1, "0123456789");
 		if (m && (s[n + m] == '.' || s[n + m] == 0))
 			s[n] = 0;
+
+		/* strip trailing .lto */
+		if (strends(s, ".lto"))
+			s[strlen(s) - 4] = '\0';
 	}
 	return s;
 }
···
 		/* strip trailing .o */
 		tmp = NOFAIL(strdup(modname));
 		tmp[strlen(tmp) - 2] = '\0';
+		/* strip trailing .lto */
+		if (strends(tmp, ".lto"))
+			tmp[strlen(tmp) - 4] = '\0';
 		mod = new_module(tmp);
 		free(tmp);
 	}

scripts/mod/modpost.h

···
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
···
 	if (sym->st_shndx != SHN_XINDEX)
 		return sym->st_shndx;
 	return info->symtab_shndx_start[sym - info->symtab_start];
+}
+
+static inline bool strends(const char *str, const char *postfix)
+{
+	if (strlen(str) < strlen(postfix))
+		return false;
+
+	return strcmp(str + strlen(str) - strlen(postfix), postfix) == 0;
 }
 
 /* file2alias.c */

scripts/mod/sumversion.c

···
 	struct md4_ctx md;
 	char *fname;
 	char filelist[PATH_MAX + 1];
+	int postfix_len = 1;
+
+	if (strends(modname, ".lto.o"))
+		postfix_len = 5;
 
 	/* objects for a module are listed in the first line of *.mod file. */
 	snprintf(filelist, sizeof(filelist), "%.*smod",
-		 (int)strlen(modname) - 1, modname);
+		 (int)strlen(modname) - postfix_len, modname);
 
 	buf = read_text_file(filelist);
 

scripts/module.lds.S

···
 	.init_array		0 : ALIGN(8) { *(SORT(.init_array.*)) *(.init_array) }
 
 	__jump_table		0 : ALIGN(8) { KEEP(*(__jump_table)) }
+
+	__patchable_function_entries : { *(__patchable_function_entries) }
+
+	/*
+	 * With CONFIG_LTO_CLANG, LLD always enables -fdata-sections and
+	 * -ffunction-sections, which increases the size of the final module.
+	 * Merge the split sections in the final binary.
+	 */
+	.bss : {
+		*(.bss .bss.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*)
+		*(.bss..L*)
+	}
+
+	.data : {
+		*(.data .data.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*)
+		*(.data..L*)
+	}
+
+	.rodata : {
+		*(.rodata .rodata.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*)
+		*(.rodata..L*)
+	}
+
+	.text : { *(.text .text.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*) }
 }
 
 /* bring in arch-specific sections */