Merge branch 'selftests-updates-to-allow-single-instance-of-nettest-for-client-and-server'

David Ahern says:

====================
selftests: Updates to allow single instance of nettest for client and server

Update nettest to handle namespace change internally to allow a
single instance to run both client and server modes. Device validation
needs to be moved after the namespace change and a few run time
options need to be split to allow values for client and server.

v4
- really fix the memory leak with stdout/stderr buffers

v3
- send proper status in do_server for UDP sockets
- fix memory leak with stdout/stderr buffers
- new patch with separate option for address binding
- new patch to remove unnecessary newline

v2
- fix checkpath warnings
====================

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/[e-mail]
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <[e-mail]>

tools/testing/selftests/net/fcnal-test.sh

···
 
 	# basic use case
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: Single address config"
 
 	# client sends MD5, server not configured
···
 	show_hint "Should timeout due to MD5 mismatch"
 	run_cmd nettest -s &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: Server no config, client uses password"
 
 	# wrong password
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client uses wrong password"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: Client uses wrong password"
 
 	# client from different address
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout due to MD5 mismatch"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_LO_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_LO_IP} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: Client address does not match address configured with password"
 
 	#
···
 	log_start
 	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: Prefix config"
 
 	# client in prefix, wrong password
···
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client uses wrong password"
 	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: Prefix config, client uses wrong password"
 
 	# client outside of prefix
···
 	show_hint "Should timeout due to MD5 mismatch"
 	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -l ${NSB_LO_IP} -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -c ${NSB_LO_IP} -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: Prefix config, client address not in configured prefix"
 }
 
···
 
 	# basic use case
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Single address config"
 
 	# client sends MD5, server not configured
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since server does not have MD5 auth"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Server no config, client uses password"
 
 	# wrong password
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client uses wrong password"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Client uses wrong password"
 
 	# client from different address
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since server config differs from client"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_LO_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_LO_IP} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Client address does not match address configured with password"
 
 	#
···
 
 	# client in prefix
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config"
 
 	# client in prefix, wrong password
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client uses wrong password"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config, client uses wrong password"
 
 	# client outside of prefix
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client address is outside of prefix"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -l ${NSB_LO_IP} -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -c ${NSB_LO_IP} -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config, client address not in configured prefix"
 
 	#
···
 	#
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
-	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Single address config in default VRF and VRF, conn in VRF"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
-	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsc nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsc nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Single address config in default VRF and VRF, conn in default VRF"
 
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client in default VRF uses VRF password"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
-	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsc nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsc nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Single address config in default VRF and VRF, conn in default VRF with VRF pw"
 
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client in VRF uses default VRF password"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
-	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -r ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NSB_IP} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Single address config in default VRF and VRF, conn in VRF with default VRF pw"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config in default VRF and VRF, conn in VRF"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsc nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsc nettest  -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config in default VRF and VRF, conn in default VRF"
 
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client in default VRF uses VRF password"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsc nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsc nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config in default VRF and VRF, conn in default VRF with VRF pw"
 
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client in VRF uses default VRF password"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	run_cmd nettest -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NS_NET} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${NSA_IP} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config in default VRF and VRF, conn in VRF with default VRF pw"
 
 	#
 	# negative tests
 	#
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP}
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP}
 	log_test $? 1 "MD5: VRF: Device must be a VRF - single address"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET}
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET}
 	log_test $? 1 "MD5: VRF: Device must be a VRF - prefix"
 
 }
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server"
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -r ${a} -0 ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, unbound client, local connection"
···
 	do
 		log_start
 		show_hint "Should fail 'Connection refused' since addresses on loopback are out of device scope"
-		run_cmd nettest -s -d ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -s -I ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Device server, unbound client, local connection"
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest  -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a} -0 ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, device client, local connection"
···
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Global server"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -2 ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -3 ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server"
···
 	do
 		log_start
 		show_hint "client socket should be bound to VRF"
-		run_cmd nettest -s -2 ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -s -3 ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server"
 
 		log_start
 		show_hint "client socket should be bound to VRF"
-		run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -2 ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -3 ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server"
···
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
 	show_hint "client socket should be bound to device"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd_nsb nettest -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server"
···
 	do
 		log_start
 		show_hint "Should fail 'Connection refused' since client is not bound to VRF"
-		run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Global server, local connection"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP} ${VRF_IP} 127.0.0.1
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -2 ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -3 ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -r ${a} -d ${VRF} -0 ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, VRF client, local connection"
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} -2 ${VRF} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} -3 ${VRF} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -r ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -0 ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, device client, local connection"
 
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should fail 'No route to host' since client is out of VRF scope"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${VRF} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${VRF} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "VRF server, unbound client, local connection"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -r ${a} -d ${VRF} -0 ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, VRF client, local connection"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -r ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -0 ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, device client, local connection"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP} ${NSA_LO_IP}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -D -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -D -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server"
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd_nsb nettest -D -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server"
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -D -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, unbound client, local connection"
···
 	do
 		log_start
 		show_hint "Should fail 'Connection refused' since address is out of device scope"
-		run_cmd nettest -s -D -d ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -s -D -I ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Device server, unbound client, local connection"
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -D -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -D -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a} -0 ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, device client, local conn"
···
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Global server"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -D -d ${VRF} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -D -I ${VRF} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Enslaved device server"
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -D -d ${VRF} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -D -I ${VRF} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, VRF client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -D -d ${VRF} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -D -I ${VRF} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, enslaved device client, local connection"
 
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Enslaved device server, VRF client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Enslaved device server, device client, local conn"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP} ${VRF_IP}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -D -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -D -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -D -d ${VRF} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -D -I ${VRF} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Enslaved device server"
···
 	#
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -D -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -D -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server, VRF client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -D -d ${VRF} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -D -I ${VRF} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, VRF client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -D -d ${VRF} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -D -I ${VRF} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, device client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Enslaved device server, VRF client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -s -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -s -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Enslaved device server, device client, local conn"
···
 	for a in ${VRF_IP} 127.0.0.1
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -D -s -2 ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -D -s -3 ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server, VRF client, local conn"
···
 	for a in ${VRF_IP} 127.0.0.1
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -s -D -d ${VRF} -2 ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -s -D -I ${VRF} -3 ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, VRF client, local conn"
···
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Raw socket bind to local address"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -s -R -P icmp -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -b
+		run_cmd nettest -s -R -P icmp -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -b
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Raw socket bind to local address after device bind"
 	done
 
···
 	#
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -l ${a} -r ${NSB_IP} -t1 -b
+	run_cmd nettest -c ${a} -r ${NSB_IP} -t1 -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "TCP socket bind to local address"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -l ${a} -r ${NSB_IP} -d ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
+	run_cmd nettest -c ${a} -r ${NSB_IP} -d ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "TCP socket bind to local address after device bind"
 
 	# Sadly, the kernel allows binding a socket to a device and then
···
 	#a=${NSA_LO_IP}
 	#log_start
 	#show_hint "Should fail with 'Cannot assign requested address'"
-	#run_cmd nettest -s -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
+	#run_cmd nettest -s -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
 	#log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "TCP socket bind to out of scope local address"
 }
 
···
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Raw socket bind to local address"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -s -R -P icmp -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -b
+		run_cmd nettest -s -R -P icmp -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -b
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Raw socket bind to local address after device bind"
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -s -R -P icmp -l ${a} -d ${VRF} -b
+		run_cmd nettest -s -R -P icmp -l ${a} -I ${VRF} -b
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Raw socket bind to local address after VRF bind"
 	done
 
 	a=${NSA_LO_IP}
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Address on loopback is out of VRF scope"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -R -P icmp -l ${a} -d ${VRF} -b
+	run_cmd nettest -s -R -P icmp -l ${a} -I ${VRF} -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Raw socket bind to out of scope address after VRF bind"
 
 	#
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP} ${VRF_IP}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -s -l ${a} -d ${VRF} -t1 -b
+		run_cmd nettest -s -l ${a} -I ${VRF} -t1 -b
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "TCP socket bind to local address"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -s -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
+		run_cmd nettest -s -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "TCP socket bind to local address after device bind"
 	done
 
 	a=${NSA_LO_IP}
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Address on loopback out of scope for VRF"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -l ${a} -d ${VRF} -t1 -b
+	run_cmd nettest -s -l ${a} -I ${VRF} -t1 -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "TCP socket bind to invalid local address for VRF"
 
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Address on loopback out of scope for device in VRF"
-	run_cmd nettest -s -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
+	run_cmd nettest -s -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "TCP socket bind to invalid local address for device bind"
 }
 
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP} ${VRF_IP}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -s -d ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -s -I ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest ${varg} -r ${a} &
 		sleep 3
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -s -d ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -s -I ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd_nsb nettest ${varg} -r ${a} &
 	sleep 3
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP} ${VRF_IP}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${VRF} -s &
+		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -I ${VRF} -s &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${VRF} -r ${a} &
 		sleep 3
···
 	setup ${with_vrf}
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${VRF} -s &
+	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -I ${VRF} -s &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a} &
 	sleep 3
···
 	setup ${with_vrf}
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${NSA_DEV} -s &
+	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -I ${NSA_DEV} -s &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a} &
 	sleep 3
···
 
 	# basic use case
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: Single address config"
 
 	# client sends MD5, server not configured
···
 	show_hint "Should timeout due to MD5 mismatch"
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -s &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: Server no config, client uses password"
 
 	# wrong password
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client uses wrong password"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: Client uses wrong password"
 
 	# client from different address
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout due to MD5 mismatch"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_LO_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_LO_IP6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: Client address does not match address configured with password"
 
 	#
···
 	log_start
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6  -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: Prefix config"
 
 	# client in prefix, wrong password
···
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client uses wrong password"
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: Prefix config, client uses wrong password"
 
 	# client outside of prefix
···
 	show_hint "Should timeout due to MD5 mismatch"
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -l ${NSB_LO_IP6} -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -c ${NSB_LO_IP6} -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: Prefix config, client address not in configured prefix"
 }
 
···
 
 	# basic use case
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Single address config"
 
 	# client sends MD5, server not configured
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since server does not have MD5 auth"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Server no config, client uses password"
 
 	# wrong password
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client uses wrong password"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Client uses wrong password"
 
 	# client from different address
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since server config differs from client"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_LO_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_LO_IP6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Client address does not match address configured with password"
 
 	#
···
 
 	# client in prefix
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6  -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config"
 
 	# client in prefix, wrong password
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client uses wrong password"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config, client uses wrong password"
 
 	# client outside of prefix
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client address is outside of prefix"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -l ${NSB_LO_IP6} -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -c ${NSB_LO_IP6} -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config, client address not in configured prefix"
 
 	#
···
 	#
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6  -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Single address config in default VRF and VRF, conn in VRF"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsc nettest -6  -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsc nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Single address config in default VRF and VRF, conn in default VRF"
 
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client in default VRF uses VRF password"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsc nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsc nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Single address config in default VRF and VRF, conn in default VRF with VRF pw"
 
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client in VRF uses default VRF password"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Single address config in default VRF and VRF, conn in VRF with default VRF pw"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6  -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config in default VRF and VRF, conn in VRF"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsc nettest -6  -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsc nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 0 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config in default VRF and VRF, conn in default VRF"
 
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client in default VRF uses VRF password"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsc nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsc nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config in default VRF and VRF, conn in default VRF with VRF pw"
 
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should timeout since client in VRF uses default VRF password"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW} -m ${NS_NET6} &
 	sleep 1
-	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -M ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
+	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${NSA_IP6} -X ${MD5_WRONG_PW}
 	log_test $? 2 "MD5: VRF: Prefix config in default VRF and VRF, conn in VRF with default VRF pw"
 
 	#
 	# negative tests
 	#
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -M ${MD5_PW} -r ${NSB_IP6}
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NSB_IP6}
 	log_test $? 1 "MD5: VRF: Device must be a VRF - single address"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6}
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -M ${MD5_PW} -m ${NS_NET6}
 	log_test $? 1 "MD5: VRF: Device must be a VRF - prefix"
 
 }
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP6}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -r ${a} -0 ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, unbound client, local connection"
···
 	do
 		log_start
 		show_hint "Should fail 'Connection refused' since addresses on loopback are out of device scope"
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -6 -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Device server, unbound client, local connection"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${NSA_LINKIP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -6  -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, device client, local conn"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -2 ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -3 ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server"
···
 	# link local is always bound to ingress device
 	a=${NSA_LINKIP6}%${NSB_DEV}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6} ${NSA_LINKIP6}%${NSB_DEV}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -2 ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -3 ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -2 ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -3 ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server"
···
 	# For LLA, child socket is bound to device
 	a=${NSA_LINKIP6}%${NSB_DEV}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${NSA_LINKIP6}%${NSB_DEV}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server"
···
 	do
 		log_start
 		show_hint "Fails 'Connection refused' since client is not in VRF"
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -6 -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Global server, local connection"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6} ::1
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -2 ${VRF} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -3 ${VRF} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -6 -r ${a} -d ${VRF} -0 ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, VRF client, local connection"
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP6}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} -2 ${VRF} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} -3 ${VRF} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -r ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -0 ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, device client, local connection"
···
 	a=${NSA_IP6}
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should fail since unbound client is out of VRF scope"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${VRF} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${VRF} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "VRF server, unbound client, local connection"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -r ${a} -d ${VRF} -0 ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, VRF client, local connection"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${NSA_LINKIP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -6 -r ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -0 ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, device client, local connection"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${NSA_LINKIP6}%${NSB_DEV}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server"
···
 
 	a=${NSA_LO_IP6}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -D -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server"
···
 	# behavior.
 	#log_start
 	#show_hint "Should fail since loopback address is out of scope"
-	#run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	#run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	#sleep 1
 	#run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -D -r ${a}
 	#log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Device server"
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP6}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, unbound client, local connection"
···
 	do
 		log_start
 		show_hint "Should fail 'Connection refused' since address is out of device scope"
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -D -d ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -D -I ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Device server, local connection"
···
 
 	a=${NSA_IP6}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -d ${NSA_DEV} -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -I ${NSA_DEV} -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a} -0 ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, device client, local conn"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${VRF} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Enslaved device server"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -s &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${VRF} -s &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, VRF client, local conn"
···
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Global server, device client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${VRF} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, device client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Enslaved device server, VRF client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Enslaved device server, device client, local conn"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${VRF} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server"
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest -6 -D -r ${a}
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Enslaved device server"
···
 	#
 	a=${NSA_IP6}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server, VRF client, local conn"
 
 	#log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${VRF} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, VRF client, local conn"
···
 
 	a=${VRF_IP6}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -2 ${VRF} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -3 ${VRF} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server, VRF client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -s -2 ${VRF} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${VRF} -s -3 ${VRF} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, VRF client, local conn"
···
 	# device to global IP
 	a=${NSA_IP6}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Global server, device client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${VRF} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "VRF server, device client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${VRF} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, VRF client, local conn"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -s -2 ${NSA_DEV} &
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -I ${NSA_DEV} -s -3 ${NSA_DEV} &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest -6 -D -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a}
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Device server, device client, local conn"
···
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Raw socket bind to local address"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -R -P ipv6-icmp -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -b
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -R -P ipv6-icmp -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -b
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Raw socket bind to local address after device bind"
 	done
 
···
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "TCP socket bind to local address"
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "TCP socket bind to local address after device bind"
 
 	a=${NSA_LO_IP6}
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Should fail with 'Cannot assign requested address'"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "TCP socket bind to out of scope local address"
 }
 
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -R -P ipv6-icmp -l ${a} -d ${VRF} -b
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -R -P ipv6-icmp -l ${a} -I ${VRF} -b
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Raw socket bind to local address after vrf bind"
 
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -R -P ipv6-icmp -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -b
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -R -P ipv6-icmp -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -b
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "Raw socket bind to local address after device bind"
 	done
 
 	a=${NSA_LO_IP6}
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Address on loopback is out of VRF scope"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -R -P ipv6-icmp -l ${a} -d ${VRF} -b
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -R -P ipv6-icmp -l ${a} -I ${VRF} -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "Raw socket bind to invalid local address after vrf bind"
 
 	#
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -d ${VRF} -t1 -b
+		run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -I ${VRF} -t1 -b
 		log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "TCP socket bind to local address with VRF bind"
 	done
 
 	a=${NSA_IP6}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 0 "TCP socket bind to local address with device bind"
 
 	a=${VRF_IP6}
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "TCP socket bind to VRF address with device bind"
 
 	a=${NSA_LO_IP6}
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Address on loopback out of scope for VRF"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -d ${VRF} -t1 -b
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -I ${VRF} -t1 -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "TCP socket bind to invalid local address for VRF"
 
 	log_start
 	show_hint "Address on loopback out of scope for device in VRF"
-	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -d ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
+	run_cmd nettest -6 -s -l ${a} -I ${NSA_DEV} -t1 -b
 	log_test_addr ${a} $? 1 "TCP socket bind to invalid local address for device bind"
 
 }
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${VRF} -s &
+		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -I ${VRF} -s &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest ${varg} -r ${a} &
 		sleep 3
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${NSA_DEV} -s &
+		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -I ${NSA_DEV} -s &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd_nsb nettest ${varg} -r ${a} &
 		sleep 3
···
 	for a in ${NSA_IP6} ${VRF_IP6}
 	do
 		log_start
-		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${VRF} -s &
+		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -I ${VRF} -s &
 		sleep 1
 		run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${VRF} -r ${a} &
 		sleep 3
···
 	setup ${with_vrf}
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${VRF} -s &
+	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -I ${VRF} -s &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a} &
 	sleep 3
···
 	setup ${with_vrf}
 
 	log_start
-	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${NSA_DEV} -s &
+	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -I ${NSA_DEV} -s &
 	sleep 1
 	run_cmd nettest ${varg} -d ${NSA_DEV} -r ${a} &
 	sleep 3

tools/testing/selftests/net/nettest.c

···
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <linux/tcp.h>
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
···
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <libgen.h>
 #include <limits.h>
+#include <sched.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
···
 
 #define DEFAULT_PORT 12345
 
+#define NS_PREFIX "/run/netns/"
+
 #ifndef MAX
 #define MAX(a, b)  ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
 #endif
···
 
 struct sock_args {
 	/* local address */
+	const char *local_addr_str;
+	const char *client_local_addr_str;
 	union {
 		struct in_addr  in;
 		struct in6_addr in6;
 	} local_addr;
 
 	/* remote address */
+	const char *remote_addr_str;
 	union {
 		struct in_addr  in;
 		struct in6_addr in6;
···
 	int use_setsockopt;
 	int use_cmsg;
 	const char *dev;
+	const char *server_dev;
 	int ifindex;
 
+	const char *clientns;
+	const char *serverns;
+
 	const char *password;
+	const char *client_pw;
 	/* prefix for MD5 password */
+	const char *md5_prefix_str;
 	union {
 		struct sockaddr_in v4;
 		struct sockaddr_in6 v6;
···
 	unsigned int prefix_len;
 
 	/* expected addresses and device index for connection */
+	const char *expected_dev;
+	const char *expected_server_dev;
 	int expected_ifindex;
 
 	/* local address */
+	const char *expected_laddr_str;
 	union {
 		struct in_addr  in;
 		struct in6_addr in6;
 	} expected_laddr;
 
 	/* remote address */
+	const char *expected_raddr_str;
 	union {
 		struct in_addr  in;
 		struct in6_addr in6;
···
 	if (sa->sa_family == AF_INET) {
 		struct sockaddr_in *s = (struct sockaddr_in *) sa;
 
-		log_msg("%s %s:%d",
+		log_msg("%s %s:%d\n",
 			desc,
 			inet_ntop(AF_INET, &s->sin_addr, addrstr,
 				  sizeof(addrstr)),
···
 	} else if (sa->sa_family == AF_INET6) {
 		struct sockaddr_in6 *s6 = (struct sockaddr_in6 *) sa;
 
-		log_msg("%s [%s]:%d",
+		log_msg("%s [%s]:%d\n",
 			desc,
 			inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &s6->sin6_addr, addrstr,
 				  sizeof(addrstr)),
 			ntohs(s6->sin6_port));
 	}
 
-	printf("\n");
-
 	fflush(stdout);
+}
+
+static int switch_ns(const char *ns)
+{
+	char path[PATH_MAX];
+	int fd, ret;
+
+	if (geteuid())
+		log_error("warning: likely need root to set netns %s!\n", ns);
+
+	snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s%s", NS_PREFIX, ns);
+	fd = open(path, 0);
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		log_err_errno("Failed to open netns path; can not switch netns");
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	ret = setns(fd, CLONE_NEWNET);
+	close(fd);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static int tcp_md5sig(int sd, void *addr, socklen_t alen, struct sock_args *args)
···
 	switch (args->version) {
 	case AF_INET:
 		sin.sin_port = htons(args->port);
-		sin.sin_addr = args->remote_addr.in;
+		sin.sin_addr = args->md5_prefix.v4.sin_addr;
 		addr = &sin;
 		alen = sizeof(sin);
 		break;
 	case AF_INET6:
 		sin6.sin6_port = htons(args->port);
-		sin6.sin6_addr = args->remote_addr.in6;
+		sin6.sin6_addr = args->md5_prefix.v6.sin6_addr;
 		addr = &sin6;
 		alen = sizeof(sin6);
 		break;
···
 	return -1;
 }
 
+static int resolve_devices(struct sock_args *args)
+{
+	if (args->dev) {
+		args->ifindex = get_ifidx(args->dev);
+		if (args->ifindex < 0) {
+			log_error("Invalid device name\n");
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (args->expected_dev) {
+		unsigned int tmp;
+
+		if (str_to_uint(args->expected_dev, 0, INT_MAX, &tmp) == 0) {
+			args->expected_ifindex = (int)tmp;
+		} else {
+			args->expected_ifindex = get_ifidx(args->expected_dev);
+			if (args->expected_ifindex < 0) {
+				fprintf(stderr, "Invalid expected device\n");
+				return 1;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int expected_addr_match(struct sockaddr *sa, void *expected,
 			       const char *desc)
 {
···
 		struct in_addr *exp_in = (struct in_addr *) expected;
 
 		if (s->sin_addr.s_addr != exp_in->s_addr) {
-			log_error("%s address does not match expected %s",
+			log_error("%s address does not match expected %s\n",
 				  desc,
 				  inet_ntop(AF_INET, exp_in,
 					    addrstr, sizeof(addrstr)));
···
 		struct in6_addr *exp_in = (struct in6_addr *) expected;
 
 		if (memcmp(&s6->sin6_addr, exp_in, sizeof(*exp_in))) {
-			log_error("%s address does not match expected %s",
+			log_error("%s address does not match expected %s\n",
 				  desc,
 				  inet_ntop(AF_INET6, exp_in,
 					    addrstr, sizeof(addrstr)));
 			rc = 1;
 		}
 	} else {
-		log_error("%s address does not match expected - unknown family",
+		log_error("%s address does not match expected - unknown family\n",
 			  desc);
 		rc = 1;
 	}
···
 	}
 
 	return rc;
+}
+
+enum addr_type {
+	ADDR_TYPE_LOCAL,
+	ADDR_TYPE_REMOTE,
+	ADDR_TYPE_MCAST,
+	ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_LOCAL,
+	ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_REMOTE,
+	ADDR_TYPE_MD5_PREFIX,
+};
+
+static int convert_addr(struct sock_args *args, const char *_str,
+			enum addr_type atype)
+{
+	int pfx_len_max = args->version == AF_INET6 ? 128 : 32;
+	int family = args->version;
+	char *str, *dev, *sep;
+	struct in6_addr *in6;
+	struct in_addr  *in;
+	const char *desc;
+	void *addr;
+	int rc = 0;
+
+	str = strdup(_str);
+	if (!str)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	switch (atype) {
+	case ADDR_TYPE_LOCAL:
+		desc = "local";
+		addr = &args->local_addr;
+		break;
+	case ADDR_TYPE_REMOTE:
+		desc = "remote";
+		addr = &args->remote_addr;
+		break;
+	case ADDR_TYPE_MCAST:
+		desc = "mcast grp";
+		addr = &args->grp;
+		break;
+	case ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_LOCAL:
+		desc = "expected local";
+		addr = &args->expected_laddr;
+		break;
+	case ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_REMOTE:
+		desc = "expected remote";
+		addr = &args->expected_raddr;
+		break;
+	case ADDR_TYPE_MD5_PREFIX:
+		desc = "md5 prefix";
+		if (family == AF_INET) {
+			args->md5_prefix.v4.sin_family = AF_INET;
+			addr = &args->md5_prefix.v4.sin_addr;
+		} else if (family == AF_INET6) {
+			args->md5_prefix.v6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
+			addr = &args->md5_prefix.v6.sin6_addr;
+		} else
+			return 1;
+
+		sep = strchr(str, '/');
+		if (sep) {
+			*sep = '\0';
+			sep++;
+			if (str_to_uint(sep, 1, pfx_len_max,
+					&args->prefix_len) != 0) {
+				fprintf(stderr, "Invalid port\n");
+				return 1;
+			}
+		} else {
+			args->prefix_len = 0;
+		}
+		break;
+	default:
+		log_error("unknown address type\n");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	switch (family) {
+	case AF_INET:
+		in  = (struct in_addr *) addr;
+		if (str) {
+			if (inet_pton(AF_INET, str, in) == 0) {
+				log_error("Invalid %s IP address\n", desc);
+				rc = -1;
+				goto out;
+			}
+		} else {
+			in->s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case AF_INET6:
+		dev = strchr(str, '%');
+		if (dev) {
+			*dev = '\0';
+			dev++;
+		}
+
+		in6 = (struct in6_addr *) addr;
+		if (str) {
+			if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, str, in6) == 0) {
+				log_error("Invalid %s IPv6 address\n", desc);
+				rc = -1;
+				goto out;
+			}
+		} else {
+			*in6 = in6addr_any;
+		}
+		if (dev) {
+			args->scope_id = get_ifidx(dev);
+			if (args->scope_id < 0) {
+				log_error("Invalid scope on %s IPv6 address\n",
+					  desc);
+				rc = -1;
+				goto out;
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		log_error("Invalid address family\n");
+	}
+
+out:
+	free(str);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static int validate_addresses(struct sock_args *args)
+{
+	if (args->local_addr_str &&
+	    convert_addr(args, args->local_addr_str, ADDR_TYPE_LOCAL) < 0)
+		return 1;
+
+	if (args->remote_addr_str &&
+	    convert_addr(args, args->remote_addr_str, ADDR_TYPE_REMOTE) < 0)
+		return 1;
+
+	if (args->md5_prefix_str &&
+	    convert_addr(args, args->md5_prefix_str,
+			 ADDR_TYPE_MD5_PREFIX) < 0)
+		return 1;
+
+	if (args->expected_laddr_str &&
+	    convert_addr(args, args->expected_laddr_str,
+			 ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_LOCAL))
+		return 1;
+
+	if (args->expected_raddr_str &&
+	    convert_addr(args, args->expected_raddr_str,
+			 ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_REMOTE))
+		return 1;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static int get_index_from_cmsg(struct msghdr *m)
···
 	return -1;
 }
 
-static int do_server(struct sock_args *args)
+static void ipc_write(int fd, int message)
 {
+	/* Not in both_mode, so there's no process to signal */
+	if (fd < 0)
+		return;
+
+	if (write(fd, &message, sizeof(message)) < 0)
+		log_err_errno("Failed to send client status");
+}
+
+static int do_server(struct sock_args *args, int ipc_fd)
+{
+	/* ipc_fd = -1 if no parent process to signal */
 	struct timeval timeout = { .tv_sec = prog_timeout }, *ptval = NULL;
 	unsigned char addr[sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6)] = {};
 	socklen_t alen = sizeof(addr);
···
 
 	fd_set rfds;
 	int rc;
+
+	if (args->serverns) {
+		if (switch_ns(args->serverns)) {
+			log_error("Could not set server netns to %s\n",
+				  args->serverns);
+			goto err_exit;
+		}
+		log_msg("Switched server netns\n");
+	}
+
+	args->dev = args->server_dev;
+	args->expected_dev = args->expected_server_dev;
+	if (resolve_devices(args) || validate_addresses(args))
+		goto err_exit;
 
 	if (prog_timeout)
 		ptval = &timeout;
···
 		lsd = lsock_init(args);
 
 	if (lsd < 0)
-		return 1;
+		goto err_exit;
 
 	if (args->bind_test_only) {
 		close(lsd);
+		ipc_write(ipc_fd, 1);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
 	if (args->type != SOCK_STREAM) {
+		ipc_write(ipc_fd, 1);
 		rc = msg_loop(0, lsd, (void *) addr, alen, args);
 		close(lsd);
 		return rc;
···
 
 	if (args->password && tcp_md5_remote(lsd, args)) {
 		close(lsd);
-		return 1;
+		goto err_exit;
 	}
 
+	ipc_write(ipc_fd, 1);
 	while (1) {
-		log_msg("\n");
 		log_msg("waiting for client connection.\n");
 		FD_ZERO(&rfds);
 		FD_SET(lsd, &rfds);
···
 	close(lsd);
 
 	return rc;
+err_exit:
+	ipc_write(ipc_fd, 0);
+	return 1;
 }
 
 static int wait_for_connect(int sd)
···
 		return 1;
 	}
 
+	if (args->clientns) {
+		if (switch_ns(args->clientns)) {
+			log_error("Could not set client netns to %s\n",
+				  args->clientns);
+			return 1;
+		}
+		log_msg("Switched client netns\n");
+	}
+
+	args->local_addr_str = args->client_local_addr_str;
+	if (resolve_devices(args) || validate_addresses(args))
+		return 1;
+
+	if ((args->use_setsockopt || args->use_cmsg) && !args->ifindex) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Device binding not specified\n");
+		return 1;
+	}
+	if (args->use_setsockopt || args->use_cmsg)
+		args->dev = NULL;
+
 	switch (args->version) {
 	case AF_INET:
 		sin.sin_port = htons(args->port);
···
 		alen = sizeof(sin6);
 		break;
 	}
+
+	args->password = args->client_pw;
 
 	if (args->has_grp)
 		sd = msock_client(args);
···
 	return rc;
 }
 
-enum addr_type {
-	ADDR_TYPE_LOCAL,
-	ADDR_TYPE_REMOTE,
-	ADDR_TYPE_MCAST,
-	ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_LOCAL,
-	ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_REMOTE,
-	ADDR_TYPE_MD5_PREFIX,
-};
-
-static int convert_addr(struct sock_args *args, const char *_str,
-			enum addr_type atype)
-{
-	int pfx_len_max = args->version == AF_INET6 ? 128 : 32;
-	int family = args->version;
-	char *str, *dev, *sep;
-	struct in6_addr *in6;
-	struct in_addr  *in;
-	const char *desc;
-	void *addr;
-	int rc = 0;
-
-	str = strdup(_str);
-	if (!str)
-		return -ENOMEM;
-
-	switch (atype) {
-	case ADDR_TYPE_LOCAL:
-		desc = "local";
-		addr = &args->local_addr;
-		break;
-	case ADDR_TYPE_REMOTE:
-		desc = "remote";
-		addr = &args->remote_addr;
-		break;
-	case ADDR_TYPE_MCAST:
-		desc = "mcast grp";
-		addr = &args->grp;
-		break;
-	case ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_LOCAL:
-		desc = "expected local";
-		addr = &args->expected_laddr;
-		break;
-	case ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_REMOTE:
-		desc = "expected remote";
-		addr = &args->expected_raddr;
-		break;
-	case ADDR_TYPE_MD5_PREFIX:
-		desc = "md5 prefix";
-		if (family == AF_INET) {
-			args->md5_prefix.v4.sin_family = AF_INET;
-			addr = &args->md5_prefix.v4.sin_addr;
-		} else if (family == AF_INET6) {
-			args->md5_prefix.v6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
-			addr = &args->md5_prefix.v6.sin6_addr;
-		} else
-			return 1;
-
-		sep = strchr(str, '/');
-		if (sep) {
-			*sep = '\0';
-			sep++;
-			if (str_to_uint(sep, 1, pfx_len_max,
-					&args->prefix_len) != 0) {
-				fprintf(stderr, "Invalid port\n");
-				return 1;
-			}
-		} else {
-			args->prefix_len = pfx_len_max;
-		}
-		break;
-	default:
-		log_error("unknown address type");
-		exit(1);
-	}
-
-	switch (family) {
-	case AF_INET:
-		in  = (struct in_addr *) addr;
-		if (str) {
-			if (inet_pton(AF_INET, str, in) == 0) {
-				log_error("Invalid %s IP address\n", desc);
-				rc = -1;
-				goto out;
-			}
-		} else {
-			in->s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
-		}
-		break;
-
-	case AF_INET6:
-		dev = strchr(str, '%');
-		if (dev) {
-			*dev = '\0';
-			dev++;
-		}
-
-		in6 = (struct in6_addr *) addr;
-		if (str) {
-			if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, str, in6) == 0) {
-				log_error("Invalid %s IPv6 address\n", desc);
-				rc = -1;
-				goto out;
-			}
-		} else {
-			*in6 = in6addr_any;
-		}
-		if (dev) {
-			args->scope_id = get_ifidx(dev);
-			if (args->scope_id < 0) {
-				log_error("Invalid scope on %s IPv6 address\n",
-					  desc);
-				rc = -1;
-				goto out;
-			}
-		}
-		break;
-
-	default:
-		log_error("Invalid address family\n");
-	}
-
-out:
-	free(str);
-	return rc;
-}
-
 static char *random_msg(int len)
 {
 	int i, n = 0, olen = len + 1;
···
 	return m;
 }
 
-#define GETOPT_STR  "sr:l:p:t:g:P:DRn:M:m:d:SCi6L:0:1:2:Fbq"
+static int ipc_child(int fd, struct sock_args *args)
+{
+	char *outbuf, *errbuf;
+	int rc = 1;
+
+	outbuf = malloc(4096);
+	errbuf = malloc(4096);
+	if (!outbuf || !errbuf) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "server: Failed to allocate buffers for stdout and stderr\n");
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	setbuffer(stdout, outbuf, 4096);
+	setbuffer(stderr, errbuf, 4096);
+
+	server_mode = 1; /* to tell log_msg in case we are in both_mode */
+
+	/* when running in both mode, address validation applies
+	 * solely to client side
+	 */
+	args->has_expected_laddr = 0;
+	args->has_expected_raddr = 0;
+
+	rc = do_server(args, fd);
+
+out:
+	free(outbuf);
+	free(errbuf);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static int ipc_parent(int cpid, int fd, struct sock_args *args)
+{
+	int client_status;
+	int status;
+	int buf;
+
+	/* do the client-side function here in the parent process,
+	 * waiting to be told when to continue
+	 */
+	if (read(fd, &buf, sizeof(buf)) <= 0) {
+		log_err_errno("Failed to read IPC status from status");
+		return 1;
+	}
+	if (!buf) {
+		log_error("Server failed; can not continue\n");
+		return 1;
+	}
+	log_msg("Server is ready\n");
+
+	client_status = do_client(args);
+	log_msg("parent is done!\n");
+
+	if (kill(cpid, 0) == 0)
+		kill(cpid, SIGKILL);
+
+	wait(&status);
+	return client_status;
+}
+
+#define GETOPT_STR  "sr:l:c:p:t:g:P:DRn:M:X:m:d:I:BN:O:SCi6L:0:1:2:3:Fbq"
 
 static void print_usage(char *prog)
 {
···
 	"    -t            timeout seconds (default: none)\n"
 	"\n"
 	"Optional:\n"
+	"    -B            do both client and server via fork and IPC\n"
+	"    -N ns         set client to network namespace ns (requires root)\n"
+	"    -O ns         set server to network namespace ns (requires root)\n"
 	"    -F            Restart server loop\n"
 	"    -6            IPv6 (default is IPv4)\n"
 	"    -P proto      protocol for socket: icmp, ospf (default: none)\n"
 	"    -D|R          datagram (D) / raw (R) socket (default stream)\n"
-	"    -l addr       local address to bind to\n"
+	"    -l addr       local address to bind to in server mode\n"
+	"    -c addr       local address to bind to in client mode\n"
 	"\n"
 	"    -d dev        bind socket to given device name\n"
+	"    -I dev        bind socket to given device name - server mode\n"
 	"    -S            use setsockopt (IP_UNICAST_IF or IP_MULTICAST_IF)\n"
 	"                  to set device binding\n"
 	"    -C            use cmsg and IP_PKTINFO to specify device binding\n"
···
 	"    -n num        number of times to send message\n"
 	"\n"
 	"    -M password   use MD5 sum protection\n"
+	"    -X password   MD5 password for client mode\n"
 	"    -m prefix/len prefix and length to use for MD5 key\n"
 	"    -g grp        multicast group (e.g., 239.1.1.1)\n"
 	"    -i            interactive mode (default is echo and terminate)\n"
···
 	"    -0 addr       Expected local address\n"
 	"    -1 addr       Expected remote address\n"
 	"    -2 dev        Expected device name (or index) to receive packet\n"
+	"    -3 dev        Expected device name (or index) to receive packets - server mode\n"
 	"\n"
 	"    -b            Bind test only.\n"
 	"    -q            Be quiet. Run test without printing anything.\n"
···
 		.port    = DEFAULT_PORT,
 	};
 	struct protoent *pe;
+	int both_mode = 0;
 	unsigned int tmp;
 	int forever = 0;
+	int fd[2];
+	int cpid;
 
 	/* process inputs */
 	extern char *optarg;
···
 
 	while ((rc = getopt(argc, argv, GETOPT_STR)) != -1) {
 		switch (rc) {
+		case 'B':
+			both_mode = 1;
+			break;
 		case 's':
 			server_mode = 1;
 			break;
···
 			break;
 		case 'l':
 			args.has_local_ip = 1;
-			if (convert_addr(&args, optarg, ADDR_TYPE_LOCAL) < 0)
-				return 1;
+			args.local_addr_str = optarg;
 			break;
 		case 'r':
 			args.has_remote_ip = 1;
-			if (convert_addr(&args, optarg, ADDR_TYPE_REMOTE) < 0)
-				return 1;
+			args.remote_addr_str = optarg;
+			break;
+		case 'c':
+			args.has_local_ip = 1;
+			args.client_local_addr_str = optarg;
 			break;
 		case 'p':
 			if (str_to_uint(optarg, 1, 65535, &tmp) != 0) {
···
 		case 'n':
 			iter = atoi(optarg);
 			break;
+		case 'N':
+			args.clientns = optarg;
+			break;
+		case 'O':
+			args.serverns = optarg;
+			break;
 		case 'L':
 			msg = random_msg(atoi(optarg));
 			break;
 		case 'M':
 			args.password = optarg;
 			break;
+		case 'X':
+			args.client_pw = optarg;
+			break;
 		case 'm':
-			if (convert_addr(&args, optarg, ADDR_TYPE_MD5_PREFIX) < 0)
-				return 1;
+			args.md5_prefix_str = optarg;
 			break;
 		case 'S':
 			args.use_setsockopt = 1;
···
 			break;
 		case 'd':
 			args.dev = optarg;
-			args.ifindex = get_ifidx(optarg);
-			if (args.ifindex < 0) {
-				fprintf(stderr, "Invalid device name\n");
-				return 1;
-			}
+			break;
+		case 'I':
+			args.server_dev = optarg;
 			break;
 		case 'i':
 			interactive = 1;
···
 			break;
 		case '0':
 			args.has_expected_laddr = 1;
-			if (convert_addr(&args, optarg,
-					 ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_LOCAL))
-				return 1;
+			args.expected_laddr_str = optarg;
 			break;
 		case '1':
 			args.has_expected_raddr = 1;
-			if (convert_addr(&args, optarg,
-					 ADDR_TYPE_EXPECTED_REMOTE))
-				return 1;
-
+			args.expected_raddr_str = optarg;
 			break;
 		case '2':
-			if (str_to_uint(optarg, 0, INT_MAX, &tmp) == 0) {
-				args.expected_ifindex = (int)tmp;
-			} else {
-				args.expected_ifindex = get_ifidx(optarg);
-				if (args.expected_ifindex < 0) {
-					fprintf(stderr,
-						"Invalid expected device\n");
-					return 1;
-				}
-			}
+			args.expected_dev = optarg;
+			break;
+		case '3':
+			args.expected_server_dev = optarg;
 			break;
 		case 'q':
 			quiet = 1;
···
 	}
 
 	if (args.password &&
-	    ((!args.has_remote_ip && !args.prefix_len) || args.type != SOCK_STREAM)) {
+	    ((!args.has_remote_ip && !args.md5_prefix_str) ||
+	      args.type != SOCK_STREAM)) {
 		log_error("MD5 passwords apply to TCP only and require a remote ip for the password\n");
 		return 1;
 	}
 
-	if (args.prefix_len && !args.password) {
+	if (args.md5_prefix_str && !args.password) {
 		log_error("Prefix range for MD5 protection specified without a password\n");
 		return 1;
 	}
-
-	if ((args.use_setsockopt || args.use_cmsg) && !args.ifindex) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Device binding not specified\n");
-		return 1;
-	}
-	if (args.use_setsockopt || args.use_cmsg)
-		args.dev = NULL;
 
 	if (iter == 0) {
 		fprintf(stderr, "Invalid number of messages to send\n");
···
 		return 1;
 	}
 
-	if (!server_mode && !args.has_grp &&
+	if ((both_mode || !server_mode) && !args.has_grp &&
 	    !args.has_remote_ip && !args.has_local_ip) {
 		fprintf(stderr,
 			"Local (server mode) or remote IP (client IP) required\n");
···
 		msg = NULL;
 	}
 
+	if (both_mode) {
+		if (pipe(fd) < 0) {
+			perror("pipe");
+			exit(1);
+		}
+
+		cpid = fork();
+		if (cpid < 0) {
+			perror("fork");
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		if (cpid)
+			return ipc_parent(cpid, fd[0], &args);
+
+		return ipc_child(fd[1], &args);
+	}
+
 	if (server_mode) {
 		do {
-			rc = do_server(&args);
+			rc = do_server(&args, -1);
 		} while (forever);
 
 		return rc;