Merge branch 'docs' of git://git.lwn.net/linux-2.6

* 'docs' of git://git.lwn.net/linux-2.6:
Add additional examples in Documentation/spinlocks.txt
Move sched-rt-group.txt to scheduler/
Documentation: move rpc-cache.txt to filesystems/
Documentation: move nfsroot.txt to filesystems/
Spell out behavior of atomic_dec_and_lock() in kerneldoc
Fix a typo in highres.txt
Fixes to the seq_file document
Fill out information on patch tags in SubmittingPatches
Add the seq_file documentation

Documentation/00-INDEX

···
 	- directory with information on the NetLabel subsystem.
 networking/
 	- directory with info on various aspects of networking with Linux.
-nfsroot.txt
-	- short guide on setting up a diskless box with NFS root filesystem.
 nmi_watchdog.txt
 	- info on NMI watchdog for SMP systems.
 nommu-mmap.txt
···
 	- a description of what robust futexes are.
 rocket.txt
 	- info on the Comtrol RocketPort multiport serial driver.
-rpc-cache.txt
-	- introduction to the caching mechanisms in the sunrpc layer.
 rt-mutex-design.txt
 	- description of the RealTime mutex implementation design.
 rt-mutex.txt

Documentation/SubmittingPatches

···
 point out some special detail about the sign-off. 
 
 
-13) When to use Acked-by:
+13) When to use Acked-by: and Cc:
 
 The Signed-off-by: tag indicates that the signer was involved in the
 development of the patch, or that he/she was in the patch's delivery path.
···
 For example, if a patch affects multiple subsystems and has an Acked-by: from
 one subsystem maintainer then this usually indicates acknowledgement of just
 the part which affects that maintainer's code.  Judgement should be used here.
- When in doubt people should refer to the original discussion in the mailing
+When in doubt people should refer to the original discussion in the mailing
 list archives.
 
+If a person has had the opportunity to comment on a patch, but has not
+provided such comments, you may optionally add a "Cc:" tag to the patch.
+This is the only tag which might be added without an explicit action by the
+person it names.  This tag documents that potentially interested parties
+have been included in the discussion
 
-14) The canonical patch format
+
+14) Using Test-by: and Reviewed-by:
+
+A Tested-by: tag indicates that the patch has been successfully tested (in
+some environment) by the person named.  This tag informs maintainers that
+some testing has been performed, provides a means to locate testers for
+future patches, and ensures credit for the testers.
+
+Reviewed-by:, instead, indicates that the patch has been reviewed and found
+acceptable according to the Reviewer's Statement:
+
+	Reviewer's statement of oversight
+
+	By offering my Reviewed-by: tag, I state that:
+
+ 	 (a) I have carried out a technical review of this patch to
+	     evaluate its appropriateness and readiness for inclusion into
+	     the mainline kernel.
+
+	 (b) Any problems, concerns, or questions relating to the patch
+	     have been communicated back to the submitter.  I am satisfied
+	     with the submitter's response to my comments.
+
+	 (c) While there may be things that could be improved with this
+	     submission, I believe that it is, at this time, (1) a
+	     worthwhile modification to the kernel, and (2) free of known
+	     issues which would argue against its inclusion.
+
+	 (d) While I have reviewed the patch and believe it to be sound, I
+	     do not (unless explicitly stated elsewhere) make any
+	     warranties or guarantees that it will achieve its stated
+	     purpose or function properly in any given situation.
+
+A Reviewed-by tag is a statement of opinion that the patch is an
+appropriate modification of the kernel without any remaining serious
+technical issues.  Any interested reviewer (who has done the work) can
+offer a Reviewed-by tag for a patch.  This tag serves to give credit to
+reviewers and to inform maintainers of the degree of review which has been
+done on the patch.  Reviewed-by: tags, when supplied by reviewers known to
+understand the subject area and to perform thorough reviews, will normally
+increase the liklihood of your patch getting into the kernel.
+
+
+15) The canonical patch format
 
 The canonical patch subject line is:
 

Documentation/filesystems/00-INDEX

···
 	- info on the Linux implementation of Sys V mandatory file locking.
 ncpfs.txt
 	- info on Novell Netware(tm) filesystem using NCP protocol.
+nfsroot.txt
+	- short guide on setting up a diskless box with NFS root filesystem.
 ntfs.txt
 	- info and mount options for the NTFS filesystem (Windows NT).
 ocfs2.txt
···
 	- info on relay, for efficient streaming from kernel to user space.
 romfs.txt
 	- description of the ROMFS filesystem.
+rpc-cache.txt
+	- introduction to the caching mechanisms in the sunrpc layer.
+seq_file.txt
+	- how to use the seq_file API
 sharedsubtree.txt
 	- a description of shared subtrees for namespaces.
 smbfs.txt

Documentation/filesystems/seq_file.txt

···
+The seq_file interface
+
+	Copyright 2003 Jonathan Corbet <[e-mail]>
+	This file is originally from the LWN.net Driver Porting series at
+	http://lwn.net/Articles/driver-porting/
+
+
+There are numerous ways for a device driver (or other kernel component) to
+provide information to the user or system administrator.  One useful
+technique is the creation of virtual files, in debugfs, /proc or elsewhere.
+Virtual files can provide human-readable output that is easy to get at
+without any special utility programs; they can also make life easier for
+script writers. It is not surprising that the use of virtual files has
+grown over the years.
+
+Creating those files correctly has always been a bit of a challenge,
+however. It is not that hard to make a virtual file which returns a
+string. But life gets trickier if the output is long - anything greater
+than an application is likely to read in a single operation.  Handling
+multiple reads (and seeks) requires careful attention to the reader's
+position within the virtual file - that position is, likely as not, in the
+middle of a line of output. The kernel has traditionally had a number of
+implementations that got this wrong.
+
+The 2.6 kernel contains a set of functions (implemented by Alexander Viro)
+which are designed to make it easy for virtual file creators to get it
+right.
+
+The seq_file interface is available via <linux/seq_file.h>. There are
+three aspects to seq_file:
+
+     * An iterator interface which lets a virtual file implementation
+       step through the objects it is presenting.
+
+     * Some utility functions for formatting objects for output without
+       needing to worry about things like output buffers.
+
+     * A set of canned file_operations which implement most operations on
+       the virtual file.
+
+We'll look at the seq_file interface via an extremely simple example: a
+loadable module which creates a file called /proc/sequence. The file, when
+read, simply produces a set of increasing integer values, one per line. The
+sequence will continue until the user loses patience and finds something
+better to do. The file is seekable, in that one can do something like the
+following:
+
+    dd if=/proc/sequence of=out1 count=1
+    dd if=/proc/sequence skip=1 out=out2 count=1
+
+Then concatenate the output files out1 and out2 and get the right
+result. Yes, it is a thoroughly useless module, but the point is to show
+how the mechanism works without getting lost in other details.  (Those
+wanting to see the full source for this module can find it at
+http://lwn.net/Articles/22359/).
+
+
+The iterator interface
+
+Modules implementing a virtual file with seq_file must implement a simple
+iterator object that allows stepping through the data of interest.
+Iterators must be able to move to a specific position - like the file they
+implement - but the interpretation of that position is up to the iterator
+itself. A seq_file implementation that is formatting firewall rules, for
+example, could interpret position N as the Nth rule in the chain.
+Positioning can thus be done in whatever way makes the most sense for the
+generator of the data, which need not be aware of how a position translates
+to an offset in the virtual file. The one obvious exception is that a
+position of zero should indicate the beginning of the file.
+
+The /proc/sequence iterator just uses the count of the next number it
+will output as its position.
+
+Four functions must be implemented to make the iterator work. The first,
+called start() takes a position as an argument and returns an iterator
+which will start reading at that position. For our simple sequence example,
+the start() function looks like:
+
+	static void *ct_seq_start(struct seq_file *s, loff_t *pos)
+	{
+	        loff_t *spos = kmalloc(sizeof(loff_t), GFP_KERNEL);
+	        if (! spos)
+	                return NULL;
+	        *spos = *pos;
+	        return spos;
+	}
+
+The entire data structure for this iterator is a single loff_t value
+holding the current position. There is no upper bound for the sequence
+iterator, but that will not be the case for most other seq_file
+implementations; in most cases the start() function should check for a
+"past end of file" condition and return NULL if need be.
+
+For more complicated applications, the private field of the seq_file
+structure can be used. There is also a special value whch can be returned
+by the start() function called SEQ_START_TOKEN; it can be used if you wish
+to instruct your show() function (described below) to print a header at the
+top of the output. SEQ_START_TOKEN should only be used if the offset is
+zero, however.
+
+The next function to implement is called, amazingly, next(); its job is to
+move the iterator forward to the next position in the sequence.  The
+example module can simply increment the position by one; more useful
+modules will do what is needed to step through some data structure. The
+next() function returns a new iterator, or NULL if the sequence is
+complete. Here's the example version:
+
+	static void *ct_seq_next(struct seq_file *s, void *v, loff_t *pos)
+	{
+	        loff_t *spos = v;
+	        *pos = ++*spos;
+	        return spos;
+	}
+
+The stop() function is called when iteration is complete; its job, of
+course, is to clean up. If dynamic memory is allocated for the iterator,
+stop() is the place to free it.
+
+	static void ct_seq_stop(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
+	{
+	        kfree(v);
+	}
+
+Finally, the show() function should format the object currently pointed to
+by the iterator for output. It should return zero, or an error code if
+something goes wrong. The example module's show() function is:
+
+	static int ct_seq_show(struct seq_file *s, void *v)
+	{
+	        loff_t *spos = v;
+	        seq_printf(s, "%lld\n", (long long)*spos);
+	        return 0;
+	}
+
+We will look at seq_printf() in a moment. But first, the definition of the
+seq_file iterator is finished by creating a seq_operations structure with
+the four functions we have just defined:
+
+	static const struct seq_operations ct_seq_ops = {
+	        .start = ct_seq_start,
+	        .next  = ct_seq_next,
+	        .stop  = ct_seq_stop,
+	        .show  = ct_seq_show
+	};
+
+This structure will be needed to tie our iterator to the /proc file in
+a little bit.
+
+It's worth noting that the interator value returned by start() and
+manipulated by the other functions is considered to be completely opaque by
+the seq_file code. It can thus be anything that is useful in stepping
+through the data to be output. Counters can be useful, but it could also be
+a direct pointer into an array or linked list. Anything goes, as long as
+the programmer is aware that things can happen between calls to the
+iterator function. However, the seq_file code (by design) will not sleep
+between the calls to start() and stop(), so holding a lock during that time
+is a reasonable thing to do. The seq_file code will also avoid taking any
+other locks while the iterator is active.
+
+
+Formatted output
+
+The seq_file code manages positioning within the output created by the
+iterator and getting it into the user's buffer. But, for that to work, that
+output must be passed to the seq_file code. Some utility functions have
+been defined which make this task easy.
+
+Most code will simply use seq_printf(), which works pretty much like
+printk(), but which requires the seq_file pointer as an argument. It is
+common to ignore the return value from seq_printf(), but a function
+producing complicated output may want to check that value and quit if
+something non-zero is returned; an error return means that the seq_file
+buffer has been filled and further output will be discarded.
+
+For straight character output, the following functions may be used:
+
+	int seq_putc(struct seq_file *m, char c);
+	int seq_puts(struct seq_file *m, const char *s);
+	int seq_escape(struct seq_file *m, const char *s, const char *esc);
+
+The first two output a single character and a string, just like one would
+expect. seq_escape() is like seq_puts(), except that any character in s
+which is in the string esc will be represented in octal form in the output.
+
+There is also a function for printing filenames:
+
+	int seq_path(struct seq_file *m, struct path *path, char *esc);
+
+Here, path indicates the file of interest, and esc is a set of characters
+which should be escaped in the output.
+
+
+Making it all work
+
+So far, we have a nice set of functions which can produce output within the
+seq_file system, but we have not yet turned them into a file that a user
+can see. Creating a file within the kernel requires, of course, the
+creation of a set of file_operations which implement the operations on that
+file. The seq_file interface provides a set of canned operations which do
+most of the work. The virtual file author still must implement the open()
+method, however, to hook everything up. The open function is often a single
+line, as in the example module:
+
+	static int ct_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
+	{
+		return seq_open(file, &ct_seq_ops);
+	}
+
+Here, the call to seq_open() takes the seq_operations structure we created
+before, and gets set up to iterate through the virtual file.
+
+On a successful open, seq_open() stores the struct seq_file pointer in
+file->private_data. If you have an application where the same iterator can
+be used for more than one file, you can store an arbitrary pointer in the
+private field of the seq_file structure; that value can then be retrieved
+by the iterator functions.
+
+The other operations of interest - read(), llseek(), and release() - are
+all implemented by the seq_file code itself. So a virtual file's
+file_operations structure will look like:
+
+	static const struct file_operations ct_file_ops = {
+	        .owner   = THIS_MODULE,
+	        .open    = ct_open,
+	        .read    = seq_read,
+	        .llseek  = seq_lseek,
+	        .release = seq_release
+	};
+
+There is also a seq_release_private() which passes the contents of the
+seq_file private field to kfree() before releasing the structure.
+
+The final step is the creation of the /proc file itself. In the example
+code, that is done in the initialization code in the usual way:
+
+	static int ct_init(void)
+	{
+	        struct proc_dir_entry *entry;
+
+	        entry = create_proc_entry("sequence", 0, NULL);
+	        if (entry)
+	                entry->proc_fops = &ct_file_ops;
+	        return 0;
+	}
+
+	module_init(ct_init);
+
+And that is pretty much it.
+
+
+seq_list
+
+If your file will be iterating through a linked list, you may find these
+routines useful:
+
+	struct list_head *seq_list_start(struct list_head *head,
+	       		 		 loff_t pos);
+	struct list_head *seq_list_start_head(struct list_head *head,
+			 		      loff_t pos);
+	struct list_head *seq_list_next(void *v, struct list_head *head,
+					loff_t *ppos);
+
+These helpers will interpret pos as a position within the list and iterate
+accordingly.  Your start() and next() functions need only invoke the
+seq_list_* helpers with a pointer to the appropriate list_head structure.  
+
+
+The extra-simple version
+
+For extremely simple virtual files, there is an even easier interface.  A
+module can define only the show() function, which should create all the
+output that the virtual file will contain. The file's open() method then
+calls:
+
+	int single_open(struct file *file,
+	                int (*show)(struct seq_file *m, void *p),
+	                void *data);
+
+When output time comes, the show() function will be called once. The data
+value given to single_open() can be found in the private field of the
+seq_file structure. When using single_open(), the programmer should use
+single_release() instead of seq_release() in the file_operations structure
+to avoid a memory leak.

Documentation/hrtimers/highres.txt

···
 event devices are used to provide local CPU functionality such as process
 accounting, profiling, and high resolution timers.
 
-The management layer assignes one or more of the folliwing functions to a clock
+The management layer assigns one or more of the following functions to a clock
 event device:
       - system global periodic tick (jiffies update)
       - cpu local update_process_times

Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt

···
 			arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
 
 	ip=		[IP_PNP]
-			See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.
+			See Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt.
 
 	ip2=		[HW] Set IO/IRQ pairs for up to 4 IntelliPort boards
 			See comment before ip2_setup() in
···
 			file if at all.
 
 	nfsaddrs=	[NFS]
-			See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.
+			See Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt.
 
 	nfsroot=	[NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.
-			See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.
+			See Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt.
 
 	nfs.callback_tcpport=
 			[NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback

Documentation/scheduler/00-INDEX

···
 	- information on scheduling domains.
 sched-nice-design.txt
 	- How and why the scheduler's nice levels are implemented.
+sched-rt-group.txt
+	- real-time group scheduling.
 sched-stats.txt
 	- information on schedstats (Linux Scheduler Statistics).

Documentation/spinlocks.txt

···
 __SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED()/__RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED() as appropriate for static
 initialization.
 
+Most of the time, you can simply turn:
+
+	static spinlock_t xxx_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
+
+into:
+
+	static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(xxx_lock);
+
+Static structure member variables go from:
+
+	struct foo bar {
+		.lock	=	SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
+	};
+
+to:
+
+	struct foo bar {
+		.lock	=	__SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED(bar.lock);
+	};
+
+Declaration of static rw_locks undergo a similar transformation.
+
 Dynamic initialization, when necessary, may be performed as
 demonstrated below.
 

fs/Kconfig

···
 	  If you want your Linux box to mount its whole root file system (the
 	  one containing the directory /) from some other computer over the
 	  net via NFS (presumably because your box doesn't have a hard disk),
-	  say Y. Read <file:Documentation/nfsroot.txt> for details. It is
-	  likely that in this case, you also want to say Y to "Kernel level IP
-	  autoconfiguration" so that your box can discover its network address
-	  at boot time.
+	  say Y. Read <file:Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt> for
+	  details. It is likely that in this case, you also want to say Y to
+	  "Kernel level IP autoconfiguration" so that your box can discover
+	  its network address at boot time.
 
 	  Most people say N here.
 

include/linux/spinlock.h

···
  * atomic_dec_and_lock - lock on reaching reference count zero
  * @atomic: the atomic counter
  * @lock: the spinlock in question
+ *
+ * Decrements @atomic by 1.  If the result is 0, returns true and locks
+ * @lock.  Returns false for all other cases.
  */
 extern int _atomic_dec_and_lock(atomic_t *atomic, spinlock_t *lock);
 #define atomic_dec_and_lock(atomic, lock) \

net/ipv4/Kconfig

···
 
 	  If unsure, say Y. Note that if you want to use DHCP, a DHCP server
 	  must be operating on your network.  Read
-	  <file:Documentation/nfsroot.txt> for details.
+	  <file:Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt> for details.
 
 config IP_PNP_BOOTP
 	bool "IP: BOOTP support"
···
 	  does BOOTP itself, providing all necessary information on the kernel
 	  command line, you can say N here. If unsure, say Y. Note that if you
 	  want to use BOOTP, a BOOTP server must be operating on your network.
-	  Read <file:Documentation/nfsroot.txt> for details.
+	  Read <file:Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt> for details.
 
 config IP_PNP_RARP
 	bool "IP: RARP support"
···
 	  discovered automatically at boot time using the RARP protocol (an
 	  older protocol which is being obsoleted by BOOTP and DHCP), say Y
 	  here. Note that if you want to use RARP, a RARP server must be
-	  operating on your network. Read <file:Documentation/nfsroot.txt> for
-	  details.
+	  operating on your network. Read
+	  <file:Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt> for details.
 
 # not yet ready..
 #   bool '    IP: ARP support' CONFIG_IP_PNP_ARP		

net/ipv4/ipconfig.c

···
 
 /*
  *  Decode any IP configuration options in the "ip=" or "nfsaddrs=" kernel
- *  command line parameter.  See Documentation/nfsroot.txt.
+ *  command line parameter.  See Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt.
  */
 static int __init ic_proto_name(char *name)
 {