Merge tag 'for-linus-v4.13-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jlayton/linux

Pull Writeback error handling updates from Jeff Layton:
"This pile represents the bulk of the writeback error handling fixes
that I have for this cycle. Some of the earlier patches in this pile
may look trivial but they are prerequisites for later patches in the
series.

The aim of this set is to improve how we track and report writeback
errors to userland. Most applications that care about data integrity
will periodically call fsync/fdatasync/msync to ensure that their
writes have made it to the backing store.

For a very long time, we have tracked writeback errors using two flags
in the address_space: AS_EIO and AS_ENOSPC. Those flags are set when a
writeback error occurs (via mapping_set_error) and are cleared as a
side-effect of filemap_check_errors (as you noted yesterday). This
model really sucks for userland.

Only the first task to call fsync (or msync or fdatasync) will see the
error. Any subsequent task calling fsync on a file will get back 0
(unless another writeback error occurs in the interim). If I have
several tasks writing to a file and calling fsync to ensure that their
writes got stored, then I need to have them coordinate with one
another. That's difficult enough, but in a world of containerized
setups that coordination may even not be possible.

But wait...it gets worse!

The calls to filemap_check_errors can be buried pretty far down in the
call stack, and there are internal callers of filemap_write_and_wait
and the like that also end up clearing those errors. Many of those
callers ignore the error return from that function or return it to
userland at nonsensical times (e.g. truncate() or stat()). If I get
back -EIO on a truncate, there is no reason to think that it was
because some previous writeback failed, and a subsequent fsync() will
(incorrectly) return 0.

This pile aims to do three things:

1) ensure that when a writeback error occurs that that error will be
reported to userland on a subsequent fsync/fdatasync/msync call,
regardless of what internal callers are doing

2) report writeback errors on all file descriptions that were open at
the time that the error occurred. This is a user-visible change,
but I think most applications are written to assume this behavior
anyway. Those that aren't are unlikely to be hurt by it.

3) document what filesystems should do when there is a writeback
error. Today, there is very little consistency between them, and a
lot of cargo-cult copying. We need to make it very clear what
filesystems should do in this situation.

To achieve this, the set adds a new data type (errseq_t) and then
builds new writeback error tracking infrastructure around that. Once
all of that is in place, we change the filesystems to use the new
infrastructure for reporting wb errors to userland.

Note that this is just the initial foray into cleaning up this mess.
There is a lot of work remaining here:

1) convert the rest of the filesystems in a similar fashion. Once the
initial set is in, then I think most other fs' will be fairly
simple to convert. Hopefully most of those can in via individual
filesystem trees.

2) convert internal waiters on writeback to use errseq_t for
detecting errors instead of relying on the AS_* flags. I have some
draft patches for this for ext4, but they are not quite ready for
prime time yet.

This was a discussion topic this year at LSF/MM too. If you're
interested in the gory details, LWN has some good articles about this:

https://lwn.net/Articles/718734/
https://lwn.net/Articles/724307/"

* tag 'for-linus-v4.13-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jlayton/linux:
btrfs: minimal conversion to errseq_t writeback error reporting on fsync
xfs: minimal conversion to errseq_t writeback error reporting
ext4: use errseq_t based error handling for reporting data writeback errors
fs: convert __generic_file_fsync to use errseq_t based reporting
block: convert to errseq_t based writeback error tracking
dax: set errors in mapping when writeback fails
Documentation: flesh out the section in vfs.txt on storing and reporting writeback errors
mm: set both AS_EIO/AS_ENOSPC and errseq_t in mapping_set_error
fs: new infrastructure for writeback error handling and reporting
lib: add errseq_t type and infrastructure for handling it
mm: don't TestClearPageError in __filemap_fdatawait_range
mm: clear AS_EIO/AS_ENOSPC when writeback initiation fails
jbd2: don't clear and reset errors after waiting on writeback
buffer: set errors in mapping at the time that the error occurs
fs: check for writeback errors after syncing out buffers in generic_file_fsync
buffer: use mapping_set_error instead of setting the flag
mm: fix mapping_set_error call in me_pagecache_dirty

Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt

···
 written at any point after PG_Dirty is clear.  Once it is known to be
 safe, PG_Writeback is cleared.
 
-Writeback makes use of a writeback_control structure...
+Writeback makes use of a writeback_control structure to direct the
+operations.  This gives the the writepage and writepages operations some
+information about the nature of and reason for the writeback request,
+and the constraints under which it is being done.  It is also used to
+return information back to the caller about the result of a writepage or
+writepages request.
+
+Handling errors during writeback
+--------------------------------
+Most applications that do buffered I/O will periodically call a file
+synchronization call (fsync, fdatasync, msync or sync_file_range) to
+ensure that data written has made it to the backing store.  When there
+is an error during writeback, they expect that error to be reported when
+a file sync request is made.  After an error has been reported on one
+request, subsequent requests on the same file descriptor should return
+0, unless further writeback errors have occurred since the previous file
+syncronization.
+
+Ideally, the kernel would report errors only on file descriptions on
+which writes were done that subsequently failed to be written back.  The
+generic pagecache infrastructure does not track the file descriptions
+that have dirtied each individual page however, so determining which
+file descriptors should get back an error is not possible.
+
+Instead, the generic writeback error tracking infrastructure in the
+kernel settles for reporting errors to fsync on all file descriptions
+that were open at the time that the error occurred.  In a situation with
+multiple writers, all of them will get back an error on a subsequent fsync,
+even if all of the writes done through that particular file descriptor
+succeeded (or even if there were no writes on that file descriptor at all).
+
+Filesystems that wish to use this infrastructure should call
+mapping_set_error to record the error in the address_space when it
+occurs.  Then, after writing back data from the pagecache in their
+file->fsync operation, they should call file_check_and_advance_wb_err to
+ensure that the struct file's error cursor has advanced to the correct
+point in the stream of errors emitted by the backing device(s).
 
 struct address_space_operations
 -------------------------------
···
 The File Object
 ===============
 
-A file object represents a file opened by a process.
+A file object represents a file opened by a process. This is also known
+as an "open file description" in POSIX parlance.
 
 
 struct file_operations
···
 
   release: called when the last reference to an open file is closed
 
-  fsync: called by the fsync(2) system call
+  fsync: called by the fsync(2) system call. Also see the section above
+	 entitled "Handling errors during writeback".
 
   fasync: called by the fcntl(2) system call when asynchronous
 	(non-blocking) mode is enabled for a file

MAINTAINERS

···
 F:	drivers/video/fbdev/s1d13xxxfb.c
 F:	include/video/s1d13xxxfb.h
 
+ERRSEQ ERROR TRACKING INFRASTRUCTURE
+M:	Jeff Layton <[e-mail]>
+S:	Maintained
+F:	lib/errseq.c
+F:	include/linux/errseq.h
+
 ET131X NETWORK DRIVER
 M:	Mark Einon <[e-mail]>
 S:	Odd Fixes

drivers/dax/device.c

···
 	inode->i_mapping = __dax_inode->i_mapping;
 	inode->i_mapping->host = __dax_inode;
 	filp->f_mapping = inode->i_mapping;
+	filp->f_wb_err = filemap_sample_wb_err(filp->f_mapping);
 	filp->private_data = dev_dax;
 	inode->i_flags = S_DAX;
 

fs/block_dev.c

···
 	struct block_device *bdev = I_BDEV(bd_inode);
 	int error;
 	
-	error = filemap_write_and_wait_range(filp->f_mapping, start, end);
+	error = file_write_and_wait_range(filp, start, end);
 	if (error)
 		return error;
 
···
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
 	filp->f_mapping = bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping;
+	filp->f_wb_err = filemap_sample_wb_err(filp->f_mapping);
 
 	return blkdev_get(bdev, filp->f_mode, filp);
 }

fs/btrfs/file.c

···
 	struct btrfs_root *root = BTRFS_I(inode)->root;
 	struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans;
 	struct btrfs_log_ctx ctx;
-	int ret = 0;
+	int ret = 0, err;
 	bool full_sync = 0;
 	u64 len;
 
···
 	 */
 	ret = start_ordered_ops(inode, start, end);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto out;
 
 	inode_lock(inode);
 	atomic_inc(&root->log_batch);
···
 		 * An ordered extent might have started before and completed
 		 * already with io errors, in which case the inode was not
 		 * updated and we end up here. So check the inode's mapping
-		 * flags for any errors that might have happened while doing
-		 * writeback of file data.
+		 * for any errors that might have happened since we last
+		 * checked called fsync.
 		 */
-		ret = filemap_check_errors(inode->i_mapping);
+		ret = filemap_check_wb_err(inode->i_mapping, file->f_wb_err);
 		inode_unlock(inode);
 		goto out;
 	}
···
 		ret = btrfs_end_transaction(trans);
 	}
 out:
+	err = file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file);
+	if (!ret)
+		ret = err;
 	return ret > 0 ? -EIO : ret;
 }
 

fs/buffer.c

···
 		set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
 	} else {
 		buffer_io_error(bh, ", lost sync page write");
-		set_buffer_write_io_error(bh);
+		mark_buffer_write_io_error(bh);
 		clear_buffer_uptodate(bh);
 	}
 	unlock_buffer(bh);
···
 		set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
 	} else {
 		buffer_io_error(bh, ", lost async page write");
-		mapping_set_error(page->mapping, -EIO);
-		set_buffer_write_io_error(bh);
+		mark_buffer_write_io_error(bh);
 		clear_buffer_uptodate(bh);
 		SetPageError(page);
 	}
···
 {
 	list_del_init(&bh->b_assoc_buffers);
 	WARN_ON(!bh->b_assoc_map);
-	if (buffer_write_io_error(bh))
-		set_bit(AS_EIO, &bh->b_assoc_map->flags);
 	bh->b_assoc_map = NULL;
 }
 
···
 	}
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(mark_buffer_dirty);
+
+void mark_buffer_write_io_error(struct buffer_head *bh)
+{
+	set_buffer_write_io_error(bh);
+	/* FIXME: do we need to set this in both places? */
+	if (bh->b_page && bh->b_page->mapping)
+		mapping_set_error(bh->b_page->mapping, -EIO);
+	if (bh->b_assoc_map)
+		mapping_set_error(bh->b_assoc_map, -EIO);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(mark_buffer_write_io_error);
 
 /*
  * Decrement a buffer_head's reference count.  If all buffers against a page
···
 
 	bh = head;
 	do {
-		if (buffer_write_io_error(bh) && page->mapping)
-			mapping_set_error(page->mapping, -EIO);
 		if (buffer_busy(bh))
 			goto failed;
 		bh = bh->b_this_page;

fs/dax.c

···
 
 			ret = dax_writeback_one(bdev, dax_dev, mapping,
 					indices[i], pvec.pages[i]);
-			if (ret < 0)
+			if (ret < 0) {
+				mapping_set_error(mapping, ret);
 				goto out;
+			}
 		}
 		start_index = indices[pvec.nr - 1] + 1;
 	}

fs/ext2/file.c

···
 {
 	int ret;
 	struct super_block *sb = file->f_mapping->host->i_sb;
-	struct address_space *mapping = sb->s_bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping;
 
 	ret = generic_file_fsync(file, start, end, datasync);
-	if (ret == -EIO || test_and_clear_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags)) {
+	if (ret == -EIO)
 		/* We don't really know where the IO error happened... */
 		ext2_error(sb, __func__,
 			   "detected IO error when writing metadata buffers");
-		ret = -EIO;
-	}
 	return ret;
 }
 

fs/ext4/fsync.c

···
 		goto out;
 	}
 
-	ret = filemap_write_and_wait_range(inode->i_mapping, start, end);
+	ret = file_write_and_wait_range(file, start, end);
 	if (ret)
 		return ret;
 	/*

fs/file_table.c

···
 	file->f_path = *path;
 	file->f_inode = path->dentry->d_inode;
 	file->f_mapping = path->dentry->d_inode->i_mapping;
+	file->f_wb_err = filemap_sample_wb_err(file->f_mapping);
 	if ((mode & FMODE_READ) &&
 	     likely(fop->read || fop->read_iter))
 		mode |= FMODE_CAN_READ;

fs/gfs2/lops.c

···
 		bh = bh->b_this_page;
 	do {
 		if (error)
-			set_buffer_write_io_error(bh);
+			mark_buffer_write_io_error(bh);
 		unlock_buffer(bh);
 		next = bh->b_this_page;
 		size -= bh->b_size;

fs/jbd2/commit.c

···
 			continue;
 		jinode->i_flags |= JI_COMMIT_RUNNING;
 		spin_unlock(&journal->j_list_lock);
-		err = filemap_fdatawait(jinode->i_vfs_inode->i_mapping);
-		if (err) {
-			/*
-			 * Because AS_EIO is cleared by
-			 * filemap_fdatawait_range(), set it again so
-			 * that user process can get -EIO from fsync().
-			 */
-			mapping_set_error(jinode->i_vfs_inode->i_mapping, -EIO);
-
-			if (!ret)
-				ret = err;
-		}
+		err = filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors(
+				jinode->i_vfs_inode->i_mapping);
+		if (!ret)
+			ret = err;
 		spin_lock(&journal->j_list_lock);
 		jinode->i_flags &= ~JI_COMMIT_RUNNING;
 		smp_mb();

fs/libfs.c

···
 	int err;
 	int ret;
 
-	err = filemap_write_and_wait_range(inode->i_mapping, start, end);
+	err = file_write_and_wait_range(file, start, end);
 	if (err)
 		return err;
 
···
 
 out:
 	inode_unlock(inode);
+	/* check and advance again to catch errors after syncing out buffers */
+	err = file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file);
+	if (ret == 0)
+		ret = err;
 	return ret;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(__generic_file_fsync);

fs/open.c

···
 	f->f_inode = inode;
 	f->f_mapping = inode->i_mapping;
 
+	/* Ensure that we skip any errors that predate opening of the file */
+	f->f_wb_err = filemap_sample_wb_err(f->f_mapping);
+
 	if (unlikely(f->f_flags & O_PATH)) {
 		f->f_mode = FMODE_PATH;
 		f->f_op = &empty_fops;

fs/xfs/xfs_file.c

···
 
 	trace_xfs_file_fsync(ip);
 
-	error = filemap_write_and_wait_range(inode->i_mapping, start, end);
+	error = file_write_and_wait_range(file, start, end);
 	if (error)
 		return error;
 

include/linux/buffer_head.h

···
  */
 
 void mark_buffer_dirty(struct buffer_head *bh);
+void mark_buffer_write_io_error(struct buffer_head *bh);
 void init_buffer(struct buffer_head *, bh_end_io_t *, void *);
 void touch_buffer(struct buffer_head *bh);
 void set_bh_page(struct buffer_head *bh,

include/linux/errseq.h

···
+#ifndef _LINUX_ERRSEQ_H
+#define _LINUX_ERRSEQ_H
+
+/* See lib/errseq.c for more info */
+
+typedef u32	errseq_t;
+
+errseq_t __errseq_set(errseq_t *eseq, int err);
+static inline void errseq_set(errseq_t *eseq, int err)
+{
+	/* Optimize for the common case of no error */
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		__errseq_set(eseq, err);
+}
+
+errseq_t errseq_sample(errseq_t *eseq);
+int errseq_check(errseq_t *eseq, errseq_t since);
+int errseq_check_and_advance(errseq_t *eseq, errseq_t *since);
+#endif

include/linux/fs.h

···
 #include <linux/workqueue.h>
 #include <linux/delayed_call.h>
 #include <linux/uuid.h>
+#include <linux/errseq.h>
 
 #include <asm/byteorder.h>
 #include <uapi/linux/fs.h>
···
 	gfp_t			gfp_mask;	/* implicit gfp mask for allocations */
 	struct list_head	private_list;	/* ditto */
 	void			*private_data;	/* ditto */
+	errseq_t		wb_err;
 } __attribute__((aligned(sizeof(long))));
 	/*
 	 * On most architectures that alignment is already the case; but
···
 	struct list_head	f_tfile_llink;
 #endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL */
 	struct address_space	*f_mapping;
+	errseq_t		f_wb_err;
 } __attribute__((aligned(4)));	/* lest something weird decides that 2 is OK */
 
 struct file_handle {
···
 extern int filemap_fdatawrite(struct address_space *);
 extern int filemap_flush(struct address_space *);
 extern int filemap_fdatawait(struct address_space *);
-extern void filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors(struct address_space *);
+extern int filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors(struct address_space *mapping);
 extern int filemap_fdatawait_range(struct address_space *, loff_t lstart,
 				   loff_t lend);
 extern bool filemap_range_has_page(struct address_space *, loff_t lstart,
···
 extern int filemap_fdatawrite_range(struct address_space *mapping,
 				loff_t start, loff_t end);
 extern int filemap_check_errors(struct address_space *mapping);
+
+extern void __filemap_set_wb_err(struct address_space *mapping, int err);
+extern int __must_check file_check_and_advance_wb_err(struct file *file);
+extern int __must_check file_write_and_wait_range(struct file *file,
+						loff_t start, loff_t end);
+
+/**
+ * filemap_set_wb_err - set a writeback error on an address_space
+ * @mapping: mapping in which to set writeback error
+ * @err: error to be set in mapping
+ *
+ * When writeback fails in some way, we must record that error so that
+ * userspace can be informed when fsync and the like are called.  We endeavor
+ * to report errors on any file that was open at the time of the error.  Some
+ * internal callers also need to know when writeback errors have occurred.
+ *
+ * When a writeback error occurs, most filesystems will want to call
+ * filemap_set_wb_err to record the error in the mapping so that it will be
+ * automatically reported whenever fsync is called on the file.
+ *
+ * FIXME: mention FS_* flag here?
+ */
+static inline void filemap_set_wb_err(struct address_space *mapping, int err)
+{
+	/* Fastpath for common case of no error */
+	if (unlikely(err))
+		__filemap_set_wb_err(mapping, err);
+}
+
+/**
+ * filemap_check_wb_error - has an error occurred since the mark was sampled?
+ * @mapping: mapping to check for writeback errors
+ * @since: previously-sampled errseq_t
+ *
+ * Grab the errseq_t value from the mapping, and see if it has changed "since"
+ * the given value was sampled.
+ *
+ * If it has then report the latest error set, otherwise return 0.
+ */
+static inline int filemap_check_wb_err(struct address_space *mapping,
+					errseq_t since)
+{
+	return errseq_check(&mapping->wb_err, since);
+}
+
+/**
+ * filemap_sample_wb_err - sample the current errseq_t to test for later errors
+ * @mapping: mapping to be sampled
+ *
+ * Writeback errors are always reported relative to a particular sample point
+ * in the past. This function provides those sample points.
+ */
+static inline errseq_t filemap_sample_wb_err(struct address_space *mapping)
+{
+	return errseq_sample(&mapping->wb_err);
+}
 
 extern int vfs_fsync_range(struct file *file, loff_t start, loff_t end,
 			   int datasync);

include/linux/pagemap.h

···
 	AS_NO_WRITEBACK_TAGS = 5,
 };
 
+/**
+ * mapping_set_error - record a writeback error in the address_space
+ * @mapping - the mapping in which an error should be set
+ * @error - the error to set in the mapping
+ *
+ * When writeback fails in some way, we must record that error so that
+ * userspace can be informed when fsync and the like are called.  We endeavor
+ * to report errors on any file that was open at the time of the error.  Some
+ * internal callers also need to know when writeback errors have occurred.
+ *
+ * When a writeback error occurs, most filesystems will want to call
+ * mapping_set_error to record the error in the mapping so that it can be
+ * reported when the application calls fsync(2).
+ */
 static inline void mapping_set_error(struct address_space *mapping, int error)
 {
-	if (unlikely(error)) {
-		if (error == -ENOSPC)
-			set_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags);
-		else
-			set_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags);
-	}
+	if (likely(!error))
+		return;
+
+	/* Record in wb_err for checkers using errseq_t based tracking */
+	filemap_set_wb_err(mapping, error);
+
+	/* Record it in flags for now, for legacy callers */
+	if (error == -ENOSPC)
+		set_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags);
+	else
+		set_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags);
 }
 
 static inline void mapping_set_unevictable(struct address_space *mapping)

include/trace/events/filemap.h

···
 #include <linux/memcontrol.h>
 #include <linux/device.h>
 #include <linux/kdev_t.h>
+#include <linux/errseq.h>
 
 DECLARE_EVENT_CLASS(mm_filemap_op_page_cache,
 
···
 	TP_ARGS(page)
 	);
 
+TRACE_EVENT(filemap_set_wb_err,
+		TP_PROTO(struct address_space *mapping, errseq_t eseq),
+
+		TP_ARGS(mapping, eseq),
+
+		TP_STRUCT__entry(
+			__field(unsigned long, i_ino)
+			__field(dev_t, s_dev)
+			__field(errseq_t, errseq)
+		),
+
+		TP_fast_assign(
+			__entry->i_ino = mapping->host->i_ino;
+			__entry->errseq = eseq;
+			if (mapping->host->i_sb)
+				__entry->s_dev = mapping->host->i_sb->s_dev;
+			else
+				__entry->s_dev = mapping->host->i_rdev;
+		),
+
+		TP_printk("dev=%d:%d ino=0x%lx errseq=0x%x",
+			MAJOR(__entry->s_dev), MINOR(__entry->s_dev),
+			__entry->i_ino, __entry->errseq)
+);
+
+TRACE_EVENT(file_check_and_advance_wb_err,
+		TP_PROTO(struct file *file, errseq_t old),
+
+		TP_ARGS(file, old),
+
+		TP_STRUCT__entry(
+			__field(struct file *, file);
+			__field(unsigned long, i_ino)
+			__field(dev_t, s_dev)
+			__field(errseq_t, old)
+			__field(errseq_t, new)
+		),
+
+		TP_fast_assign(
+			__entry->file = file;
+			__entry->i_ino = file->f_mapping->host->i_ino;
+			if (file->f_mapping->host->i_sb)
+				__entry->s_dev =
+					file->f_mapping->host->i_sb->s_dev;
+			else
+				__entry->s_dev =
+					file->f_mapping->host->i_rdev;
+			__entry->old = old;
+			__entry->new = file->f_wb_err;
+		),
+
+		TP_printk("file=%p dev=%d:%d ino=0x%lx old=0x%x new=0x%x",
+			__entry->file, MAJOR(__entry->s_dev),
+			MINOR(__entry->s_dev), __entry->i_ino, __entry->old,
+			__entry->new)
+);
 #endif /* _TRACE_FILEMAP_H */
 
 /* This part must be outside protection */

lib/Makefile

···
 	 gcd.o lcm.o list_sort.o uuid.o flex_array.o iov_iter.o clz_ctz.o \
 	 bsearch.o find_bit.o llist.o memweight.o kfifo.o \
 	 percpu-refcount.o percpu_ida.o rhashtable.o reciprocal_div.o \
-	 once.o refcount.o usercopy.o
+	 once.o refcount.o usercopy.o errseq.o
 obj-y += string_helpers.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_TEST_STRING_HELPERS) += test-string_helpers.o
 obj-y += hexdump.o

lib/errseq.c

···
+#include <linux/err.h>
+#include <linux/bug.h>
+#include <linux/atomic.h>
+#include <linux/errseq.h>
+
+/*
+ * An errseq_t is a way of recording errors in one place, and allowing any
+ * number of "subscribers" to tell whether it has changed since a previous
+ * point where it was sampled.
+ *
+ * It's implemented as an unsigned 32-bit value. The low order bits are
+ * designated to hold an error code (between 0 and -MAX_ERRNO). The upper bits
+ * are used as a counter. This is done with atomics instead of locking so that
+ * these functions can be called from any context.
+ *
+ * The general idea is for consumers to sample an errseq_t value. That value
+ * can later be used to tell whether any new errors have occurred since that
+ * sampling was done.
+ *
+ * Note that there is a risk of collisions if new errors are being recorded
+ * frequently, since we have so few bits to use as a counter.
+ *
+ * To mitigate this, one bit is used as a flag to tell whether the value has
+ * been sampled since a new value was recorded. That allows us to avoid bumping
+ * the counter if no one has sampled it since the last time an error was
+ * recorded.
+ *
+ * A new errseq_t should always be zeroed out.  A errseq_t value of all zeroes
+ * is the special (but common) case where there has never been an error. An all
+ * zero value thus serves as the "epoch" if one wishes to know whether there
+ * has ever been an error set since it was first initialized.
+ */
+
+/* The low bits are designated for error code (max of MAX_ERRNO) */
+#define ERRSEQ_SHIFT		ilog2(MAX_ERRNO + 1)
+
+/* This bit is used as a flag to indicate whether the value has been seen */
+#define ERRSEQ_SEEN		(1 << ERRSEQ_SHIFT)
+
+/* The lowest bit of the counter */
+#define ERRSEQ_CTR_INC		(1 << (ERRSEQ_SHIFT + 1))
+
+/**
+ * __errseq_set - set a errseq_t for later reporting
+ * @eseq: errseq_t field that should be set
+ * @err: error to set
+ *
+ * This function sets the error in *eseq, and increments the sequence counter
+ * if the last sequence was sampled at some point in the past.
+ *
+ * Any error set will always overwrite an existing error.
+ *
+ * Most callers will want to use the errseq_set inline wrapper to efficiently
+ * handle the common case where err is 0.
+ *
+ * We do return an errseq_t here, primarily for debugging purposes. The return
+ * value should not be used as a previously sampled value in later calls as it
+ * will not have the SEEN flag set.
+ */
+errseq_t __errseq_set(errseq_t *eseq, int err)
+{
+	errseq_t cur, old;
+
+	/* MAX_ERRNO must be able to serve as a mask */
+	BUILD_BUG_ON_NOT_POWER_OF_2(MAX_ERRNO + 1);
+
+	/*
+	 * Ensure the error code actually fits where we want it to go. If it
+	 * doesn't then just throw a warning and don't record anything. We
+	 * also don't accept zero here as that would effectively clear a
+	 * previous error.
+	 */
+	old = READ_ONCE(*eseq);
+
+	if (WARN(unlikely(err == 0 || (unsigned int)-err > MAX_ERRNO),
+				"err = %d\n", err))
+		return old;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		errseq_t new;
+
+		/* Clear out error bits and set new error */
+		new = (old & ~(MAX_ERRNO|ERRSEQ_SEEN)) | -err;
+
+		/* Only increment if someone has looked at it */
+		if (old & ERRSEQ_SEEN)
+			new += ERRSEQ_CTR_INC;
+
+		/* If there would be no change, then call it done */
+		if (new == old) {
+			cur = new;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/* Try to swap the new value into place */
+		cur = cmpxchg(eseq, old, new);
+
+		/*
+		 * Call it success if we did the swap or someone else beat us
+		 * to it for the same value.
+		 */
+		if (likely(cur == old || cur == new))
+			break;
+
+		/* Raced with an update, try again */
+		old = cur;
+	}
+	return cur;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(__errseq_set);
+
+/**
+ * errseq_sample - grab current errseq_t value
+ * @eseq: pointer to errseq_t to be sampled
+ *
+ * This function allows callers to sample an errseq_t value, marking it as
+ * "seen" if required.
+ */
+errseq_t errseq_sample(errseq_t *eseq)
+{
+	errseq_t old = READ_ONCE(*eseq);
+	errseq_t new = old;
+
+	/*
+	 * For the common case of no errors ever having been set, we can skip
+	 * marking the SEEN bit. Once an error has been set, the value will
+	 * never go back to zero.
+	 */
+	if (old != 0) {
+		new |= ERRSEQ_SEEN;
+		if (old != new)
+			cmpxchg(eseq, old, new);
+	}
+	return new;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(errseq_sample);
+
+/**
+ * errseq_check - has an error occurred since a particular sample point?
+ * @eseq: pointer to errseq_t value to be checked
+ * @since: previously-sampled errseq_t from which to check
+ *
+ * Grab the value that eseq points to, and see if it has changed "since"
+ * the given value was sampled. The "since" value is not advanced, so there
+ * is no need to mark the value as seen.
+ *
+ * Returns the latest error set in the errseq_t or 0 if it hasn't changed.
+ */
+int errseq_check(errseq_t *eseq, errseq_t since)
+{
+	errseq_t cur = READ_ONCE(*eseq);
+
+	if (likely(cur == since))
+		return 0;
+	return -(cur & MAX_ERRNO);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(errseq_check);
+
+/**
+ * errseq_check_and_advance - check an errseq_t and advance to current value
+ * @eseq: pointer to value being checked and reported
+ * @since: pointer to previously-sampled errseq_t to check against and advance
+ *
+ * Grab the eseq value, and see whether it matches the value that "since"
+ * points to. If it does, then just return 0.
+ *
+ * If it doesn't, then the value has changed. Set the "seen" flag, and try to
+ * swap it into place as the new eseq value. Then, set that value as the new
+ * "since" value, and return whatever the error portion is set to.
+ *
+ * Note that no locking is provided here for concurrent updates to the "since"
+ * value. The caller must provide that if necessary. Because of this, callers
+ * may want to do a lockless errseq_check before taking the lock and calling
+ * this.
+ */
+int errseq_check_and_advance(errseq_t *eseq, errseq_t *since)
+{
+	int err = 0;
+	errseq_t old, new;
+
+	/*
+	 * Most callers will want to use the inline wrapper to check this,
+	 * so that the common case of no error is handled without needing
+	 * to take the lock that protects the "since" value.
+	 */
+	old = READ_ONCE(*eseq);
+	if (old != *since) {
+		/*
+		 * Set the flag and try to swap it into place if it has
+		 * changed.
+		 *
+		 * We don't care about the outcome of the swap here. If the
+		 * swap doesn't occur, then it has either been updated by a
+		 * writer who is altering the value in some way (updating
+		 * counter or resetting the error), or another reader who is
+		 * just setting the "seen" flag. Either outcome is OK, and we
+		 * can advance "since" and return an error based on what we
+		 * have.
+		 */
+		new = old | ERRSEQ_SEEN;
+		if (new != old)
+			cmpxchg(eseq, old, new);
+		*since = new;
+		err = -(new & MAX_ERRNO);
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(errseq_check_and_advance);

mm/filemap.c

···
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_check_errors);
 
+static int filemap_check_and_keep_errors(struct address_space *mapping)
+{
+	/* Check for outstanding write errors */
+	if (test_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags))
+		return -EIO;
+	if (test_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags))
+		return -ENOSPC;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /**
  * __filemap_fdatawrite_range - start writeback on mapping dirty pages in range
  * @mapping:	address space structure to write
···
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_range_has_page);
 
-static int __filemap_fdatawait_range(struct address_space *mapping,
+static void __filemap_fdatawait_range(struct address_space *mapping,
 				     loff_t start_byte, loff_t end_byte)
 {
 	pgoff_t index = start_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT;
 	pgoff_t end = end_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT;
 	struct pagevec pvec;
 	int nr_pages;
-	int ret = 0;
 
 	if (end_byte < start_byte)
-		goto out;
+		return;
 
 	pagevec_init(&pvec, 0);
 	while ((index <= end) &&
···
 				continue;
 
 			wait_on_page_writeback(page);
-			if (TestClearPageError(page))
-				ret = -EIO;
+			ClearPageError(page);
 		}
 		pagevec_release(&pvec);
 		cond_resched();
 	}
-out:
-	return ret;
 }
 
 /**
···
 int filemap_fdatawait_range(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start_byte,
 			    loff_t end_byte)
 {
-	int ret, ret2;
-
-	ret = __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, start_byte, end_byte);
-	ret2 = filemap_check_errors(mapping);
-	if (!ret)
-		ret = ret2;
-
-	return ret;
+	__filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, start_byte, end_byte);
+	return filemap_check_errors(mapping);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawait_range);
 
···
  * call sites are system-wide / filesystem-wide data flushers: e.g. sync(2),
  * fsfreeze(8)
  */
-void filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors(struct address_space *mapping)
+int filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors(struct address_space *mapping)
 {
 	loff_t i_size = i_size_read(mapping->host);
 
 	if (i_size == 0)
-		return;
+		return 0;
 
 	__filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, 0, i_size - 1);
+	return filemap_check_and_keep_errors(mapping);
 }
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors);
 
 /**
  * filemap_fdatawait - wait for all under-writeback pages to complete
···
 			int err2 = filemap_fdatawait(mapping);
 			if (!err)
 				err = err2;
+		} else {
+			/* Clear any previously stored errors */
+			filemap_check_errors(mapping);
 		}
 	} else {
 		err = filemap_check_errors(mapping);
···
 						lstart, lend);
 			if (!err)
 				err = err2;
+		} else {
+			/* Clear any previously stored errors */
+			filemap_check_errors(mapping);
 		}
 	} else {
 		err = filemap_check_errors(mapping);
···
 	return err;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_write_and_wait_range);
+
+void __filemap_set_wb_err(struct address_space *mapping, int err)
+{
+	errseq_t eseq = __errseq_set(&mapping->wb_err, err);
+
+	trace_filemap_set_wb_err(mapping, eseq);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(__filemap_set_wb_err);
+
+/**
+ * file_check_and_advance_wb_err - report wb error (if any) that was previously
+ * 				   and advance wb_err to current one
+ * @file: struct file on which the error is being reported
+ *
+ * When userland calls fsync (or something like nfsd does the equivalent), we
+ * want to report any writeback errors that occurred since the last fsync (or
+ * since the file was opened if there haven't been any).
+ *
+ * Grab the wb_err from the mapping. If it matches what we have in the file,
+ * then just quickly return 0. The file is all caught up.
+ *
+ * If it doesn't match, then take the mapping value, set the "seen" flag in
+ * it and try to swap it into place. If it works, or another task beat us
+ * to it with the new value, then update the f_wb_err and return the error
+ * portion. The error at this point must be reported via proper channels
+ * (a'la fsync, or NFS COMMIT operation, etc.).
+ *
+ * While we handle mapping->wb_err with atomic operations, the f_wb_err
+ * value is protected by the f_lock since we must ensure that it reflects
+ * the latest value swapped in for this file descriptor.
+ */
+int file_check_and_advance_wb_err(struct file *file)
+{
+	int err = 0;
+	errseq_t old = READ_ONCE(file->f_wb_err);
+	struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
+
+	/* Locklessly handle the common case where nothing has changed */
+	if (errseq_check(&mapping->wb_err, old)) {
+		/* Something changed, must use slow path */
+		spin_lock(&file->f_lock);
+		old = file->f_wb_err;
+		err = errseq_check_and_advance(&mapping->wb_err,
+						&file->f_wb_err);
+		trace_file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file, old);
+		spin_unlock(&file->f_lock);
+	}
+	return err;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(file_check_and_advance_wb_err);
+
+/**
+ * file_write_and_wait_range - write out & wait on a file range
+ * @file:	file pointing to address_space with pages
+ * @lstart:	offset in bytes where the range starts
+ * @lend:	offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
+ *
+ * Write out and wait upon file offsets lstart->lend, inclusive.
+ *
+ * Note that @lend is inclusive (describes the last byte to be written) so
+ * that this function can be used to write to the very end-of-file (end = -1).
+ *
+ * After writing out and waiting on the data, we check and advance the
+ * f_wb_err cursor to the latest value, and return any errors detected there.
+ */
+int file_write_and_wait_range(struct file *file, loff_t lstart, loff_t lend)
+{
+	int err = 0, err2;
+	struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
+
+	if ((!dax_mapping(mapping) && mapping->nrpages) ||
+	    (dax_mapping(mapping) && mapping->nrexceptional)) {
+		err = __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, lstart, lend,
+						 WB_SYNC_ALL);
+		/* See comment of filemap_write_and_wait() */
+		if (err != -EIO)
+			__filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, lstart, lend);
+	}
+	err2 = file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file);
+	if (!err)
+		err = err2;
+	return err;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(file_write_and_wait_range);
 
 /**
  * replace_page_cache_page - replace a pagecache page with a new one

mm/memory-failure.c

···
 		 * the first EIO, but we're not worse than other parts
 		 * of the kernel.
 		 */
-		mapping_set_error(mapping, EIO);
+		mapping_set_error(mapping, -EIO);
 	}
 
 	return me_pagecache_clean(p, pfn);