Tutorial 9: Model Loading This one was quite big! I added a wireframe mode too on desktop.

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···
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···
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···
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···
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···
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···
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+version = "0.36.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "62948e14d923ea95ea2c7c86c71013138b66525b86bdc08d2dcc262bdb497b87"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
 version = "1.19.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3fdb12b2476b595f9358c5161aa467c2438859caa136dec86c26fdd2efe17b92"
 
 [[package]]
+name = "openssl"
+version = "0.10.69"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f5e534d133a060a3c19daec1eb3e98ec6f4685978834f2dbadfe2ec215bab64e"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "foreign-types 0.3.2",
+ "libc",
+ "once_cell",
+ "openssl-macros",
+ "openssl-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "openssl-macros"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a948666b637a0f465e8564c73e89d4dde00d72d4d473cc972f390fc3dcee7d9c"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "openssl-probe"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d05e27ee213611ffe7d6348b942e8f942b37114c00cc03cec254295a4a17852e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "openssl-sys"
+version = "0.9.104"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "45abf306cbf99debc8195b66b7346498d7b10c210de50418b5ccd7ceba08c741"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "libc",
+ "pkg-config",
+ "vcpkg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "orbclient"
 version = "0.3.47"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
 version = "0.2.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bda66fc9667c18cb2758a2ac84d1167245054bcf85d5d1aaa6923f45801bdd02"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pin-utils"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b870d8c151b6f2fb93e84a13146138f05d02ed11c7e7c54f8826aaaf7c9f184"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pkg-config"
···
 checksum = "19b30a45b0cd0bcca8037f3d0dc3421eaf95327a17cad11964fb8179b4fc4832"
 
 [[package]]
+name = "reqwest"
+version = "0.11.27"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dd67538700a17451e7cba03ac727fb961abb7607553461627b97de0b89cf4a62"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64",
+ "bytes",
+ "encoding_rs",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-util",
+ "h2",
+ "http",
+ "http-body",
+ "hyper",
+ "hyper-tls",
+ "ipnet",
+ "js-sys",
+ "log",
+ "mime",
+ "native-tls",
+ "once_cell",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "rustls-pemfile",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "serde_urlencoded",
+ "sync_wrapper",
+ "system-configuration",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-native-tls",
+ "tower-service",
+ "url",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "wasm-bindgen-futures",
+ "web-sys",
+ "winreg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustc-demangle"
+version = "0.1.24"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "719b953e2095829ee67db738b3bfa9fa368c94900df327b3f07fe6e794d2fe1f"
+
+[[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
 version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "rustls-pemfile"
+version = "1.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1c74cae0a4cf6ccbbf5f359f08efdf8ee7e1dc532573bf0db71968cb56b1448c"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ryu"
+version = "1.0.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6ea1a2d0a644769cc99faa24c3ad26b379b786fe7c36fd3c546254801650e6dd"
+
+[[package]]
 name = "same-file"
 version = "1.0.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "schannel"
+version = "0.1.27"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1f29ebaa345f945cec9fbbc532eb307f0fdad8161f281b6369539c8d84876b3d"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "scoped-tls"
 version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "security-framework"
+version = "2.11.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "897b2245f0b511c87893af39b033e5ca9cce68824c4d7e7630b5a1d339658d02"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "core-foundation",
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+ "security-framework-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "security-framework-sys"
+version = "2.14.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "49db231d56a190491cb4aeda9527f1ad45345af50b0851622a7adb8c03b01c32"
+dependencies = [
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "serde"
 version = "1.0.210"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.96",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_json"
+version = "1.0.138"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d434192e7da787e94a6ea7e9670b26a036d0ca41e0b7efb2676dd32bae872949"
+dependencies = [
+ "itoa",
+ "memchr",
+ "ryu",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_urlencoded"
+version = "0.7.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d3491c14715ca2294c4d6a88f15e84739788c1d030eed8c110436aafdaa2f3fd"
+dependencies = [
+ "form_urlencoded",
+ "itoa",
+ "ryu",
+ "serde",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
···
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "socket2"
+version = "0.5.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c970269d99b64e60ec3bd6ad27270092a5394c4e309314b18ae3fe575695fbe8"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "spirv"
 version = "0.3.0+sdk-1.3.268.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
 ]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "stable_deref_trait"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a8f112729512f8e442d81f95a8a7ddf2b7c6b8a1a6f509a95864142b30cab2d3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "static_assertions"
···
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "sync_wrapper"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2047c6ded9c721764247e62cd3b03c09ffc529b2ba5b10ec482ae507a4a70160"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "synstructure"
+version = "0.13.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c8af7666ab7b6390ab78131fb5b0fce11d6b7a6951602017c35fa82800708971"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "system-configuration"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ba3a3adc5c275d719af8cb4272ea1c4a6d668a777f37e115f6d11ddbc1c8e0e7"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "core-foundation",
+ "system-configuration-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "system-configuration-sys"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a75fb188eb626b924683e3b95e3a48e63551fcfb51949de2f06a9d91dbee93c9"
+dependencies = [
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tempfile"
+version = "3.13.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f0f2c9fc62d0beef6951ccffd757e241266a2c833136efbe35af6cd2567dca5b"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "fastrand",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustix",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "termcolor"
 version = "1.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "tinystr"
+version = "0.7.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9117f5d4db391c1cf6927e7bea3db74b9a1c1add8f7eda9ffd5364f40f57b82f"
+dependencies = [
+ "displaydoc",
+ "zerovec",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tobj"
+version = "4.0.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "04aca6092e5978e708ee784e8ab9b5cf3cdb598b28f99a2f257446e7081a7025"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tokio"
+version = "1.42.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5cec9b21b0450273377fc97bd4c33a8acffc8c996c987a7c5b319a0083707551"
+dependencies = [
+ "backtrace",
+ "bytes",
+ "libc",
+ "mio",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "socket2",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tokio-native-tls"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bbae76ab933c85776efabc971569dd6119c580d8f5d448769dec1764bf796ef2"
+dependencies = [
+ "native-tls",
+ "tokio",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tokio-util"
+version = "0.7.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d7fcaa8d55a2bdd6b83ace262b016eca0d79ee02818c5c1bcdf0305114081078"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-sink",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "tokio",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "toml_datetime"
 version = "0.6.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "tower-service"
+version = "0.3.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8df9b6e13f2d32c91b9bd719c00d1958837bc7dec474d94952798cc8e69eeec3"
+
+[[package]]
 name = "tracing"
 version = "0.1.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
 version = "0.1.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c06d3da6113f116aaee68e4d601191614c9053067f9ab7f6edbcb161237daa54"
+dependencies = [
+ "once_cell",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "try-lock"
+version = "0.2.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e421abadd41a4225275504ea4d6566923418b7f05506fbc9c0fe86ba7396114b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ttf-parser"
···
 checksum = "ebc1c04c71510c7f702b52b7c350734c9ff1295c464a03335b00bb84fc54f853"
 
 [[package]]
+name = "url"
+version = "2.5.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "32f8b686cadd1473f4bd0117a5d28d36b1ade384ea9b5069a1c40aefed7fda60"
+dependencies = [
+ "form_urlencoded",
+ "idna",
+ "percent-encoding",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "utf16_iter"
+version = "1.0.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c8232dd3cdaed5356e0f716d285e4b40b932ac434100fe9b7e0e8e935b9e6246"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "utf8_iter"
+version = "1.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b6c140620e7ffbb22c2dee59cafe6084a59b5ffc27a8859a5f0d494b5d52b6be"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "vcpkg"
+version = "0.2.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "accd4ea62f7bb7a82fe23066fb0957d48ef677f6eeb8215f372f52e48bb32426"
+
+[[package]]
 name = "version_check"
 version = "0.9.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
 dependencies = [
  "same-file",
  "winapi-util",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "want"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bfa7760aed19e106de2c7c0b581b509f2f25d3dacaf737cb82ac61bc6d760b0e"
+dependencies = [
+ "try-lock",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
···
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "winreg"
+version = "0.50.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "524e57b2c537c0f9b1e69f1965311ec12182b4122e45035b1508cd24d2adadb1"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "write16"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d1890f4022759daae28ed4fe62859b1236caebfc61ede2f63ed4e695f3f6d936"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "writeable"
+version = "0.5.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1e9df38ee2d2c3c5948ea468a8406ff0db0b29ae1ffde1bcf20ef305bcc95c51"
+
+[[package]]
 name = "x11-dl"
 version = "2.21.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
 checksum = "af4e2e2f7cba5a093896c1e150fbfe177d1883e7448200efb81d40b9d339ef26"
 
 [[package]]
+name = "yoke"
+version = "0.7.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "120e6aef9aa629e3d4f52dc8cc43a015c7724194c97dfaf45180d2daf2b77f40"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "stable_deref_trait",
+ "yoke-derive",
+ "zerofrom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "yoke-derive"
+version = "0.7.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2380878cad4ac9aac1e2435f3eb4020e8374b5f13c296cb75b4620ff8e229154"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
+ "synstructure",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
 version = "0.7.35"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
···
 version = "0.7.35"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerofrom"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cff3ee08c995dee1859d998dea82f7374f2826091dd9cd47def953cae446cd2e"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerofrom-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerofrom-derive"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "595eed982f7d355beb85837f651fa22e90b3c044842dc7f2c2842c086f295808"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.96",
+ "synstructure",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerovec"
+version = "0.10.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "aa2b893d79df23bfb12d5461018d408ea19dfafe76c2c7ef6d4eba614f8ff079"
+dependencies = [
+ "yoke",
+ "zerofrom",
+ "zerovec-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerovec-derive"
+version = "0.10.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6eafa6dfb17584ea3e2bd6e76e0cc15ad7af12b09abdd1ca55961bed9b1063c6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",

Cargo.toml

···
 image = { version = "0.25.5", default-features = false, features = ["png", "jpeg"] }
 thiserror = "2.0.11"
 glam = { version = "0.29.2", features = ["bytemuck"] }
+tobj = { version = "4", default-features = false, features = ["async"] }
+futures = "0.3.31"
+itertools = "0.14.0"
 
 [build-dependencies]
 fs_extra = "1.3.0"
···
     "Document",
     "Window",
     "Element",
+    "Location",
 ]}
+reqwest = "0.11"

build.rs

···
     copy_items(&paths_to_copy, out_dir, &copy_options)?;
 
     Ok(())
-}
+}

src/lib.rs

···
 #![allow(rust_analyzer::inactive_code)]
 
 mod camera;
-mod texture;
 mod model;
 mod resources;
+mod texture;
 
 use model::Vertex;
 use wgpu::util::DeviceExt;
···
     }
 }
 
-const NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW: u32 = 1000;
+const NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW: u32 = 100;
 const INSTANCE_DISPLACEMENT: Vec3 = vec3(
     NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW as f32 * 0.1,
     0.0,
···
     config: wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration,
     size: winit::dpi::PhysicalSize<u32>,
     render_pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
+    wireframe_render_pipeline: Option<wgpu::RenderPipeline>,
     diffuse_bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
     diffuse_texture: texture::Texture,
     depth_texture: texture::Texture,
···
     camera_bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
     instances: Vec<Instance>,
     instance_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    wireframe: bool,
 
     // Window must be declared after surface
     // so it gets dropped after it
···
     window: &'srfc Window,
 
     clear_color: wgpu::Color,
+    obj_model: model::Model,
 }
 
 impl<'a> State<'a> {
···
         let size = window.inner_size();
         #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
         let size = winit::dpi::PhysicalSize {
-            width: 100,
-            height: 100,
+            width: 400,
+            height: 300,
         };
 
         // 0 size can cause app to crash, better to enforce this maybe.
···
         let (device, queue) = adapter
             .request_device(
                 &wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
-                    required_features: wgpu::Features::empty(),
+                    required_features: if adapter.get_info().backend == wgpu::Backend::Gl {
+                        wgpu::Features::empty()
+                    } else {
+                        wgpu::Features::POLYGON_MODE_LINE
+                    },
 
                     // WebGL does not support all of wgpu's features
-                    required_limits: if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
+                    required_limits: if adapter.get_info().backend == wgpu::Backend::Gl {
                         wgpu::Limits::downlevel_webgl2_defaults()
                     } else {
                         wgpu::Limits::default()
···
             label: Some("camera_bind_group"),
         });
 
-        let instances = (0..NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW)
-            .flat_map(|z| {
-                (0..NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW).map(move |x| {
-                    let position = vec3(x as f32, 0.0, z as f32) - INSTANCE_DISPLACEMENT;
+        const SPACE_BETWEEN: f32 = 3.0;
+        let instances = itertools::iproduct!(0..NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW, 0..NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW)
+            .map(|(x, z)| {
+                let mapping = |n| SPACE_BETWEEN * (n as f32 - NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW as f32 / 2.0);
+                let position = vec3(mapping(x), 0.0, mapping(z));
 
-                    // this is needed so an object at (0, 0, 0) won't get scaled to zero
-                    // as Quaternions can affect scale if they're not created correctly
-                    let rotation = match position.try_normalize() {
-                        Some(position) => Quat::from_axis_angle(position, 45.0),
-                        None => Quat::from_axis_angle(Vec3::Z, 0.0),
-                    };
+                // this is needed so an object at (0, 0, 0) won't get scaled to zero
+                // as Quaternions can affect scale if they're not created correctly
+                let rotation = match position.try_normalize() {
+                    Some(position) => Quat::from_axis_angle(position, 45.0),
+                    None => Quat::from_axis_angle(Vec3::Z, 0.0),
+                };
 
-                    Instance { position, rotation }
-                })
+                Instance { position, rotation }
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
···
             usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX,
         });
 
+        let obj_model =
+            resources::load_model("cube.obj", &device, &queue, &texture_bind_group_layout)
+                .await
+                .unwrap();
+
         let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
             label: Some("Shader"),
             source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(include_str!("shader.wgsl").into()),
···
                 push_constant_ranges: &[],
             });
 
-        let render_pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
-            label: Some("Render Pipeline"),
-            layout: Some(&render_pipeline_layout),
-            vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
-                module: &shader,
-                entry_point: "vs_main",
-                buffers: &[model::ModelVertex::desc(), InstanceRaw::desc()],
-                compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
-            },
-            fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
-                module: &shader,
-                entry_point: "fs_main",
-                targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
-                    format: config.format,
-                    blend: Some(wgpu::BlendState::REPLACE),
-                    write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
-                })],
-                compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
-            }),
-            primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState {
-                topology: wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleList,
-                strip_index_format: None,
-                front_face: wgpu::FrontFace::Ccw,
-                cull_mode: Some(wgpu::Face::Back),
-                polygon_mode: wgpu::PolygonMode::Fill,
-                unclipped_depth: false,
-                conservative: false,
-            },
-            depth_stencil: Some(wgpu::DepthStencilState {
-                format: texture::Texture::DEPTH_FORMAT,
-                depth_write_enabled: true,
-                depth_compare: wgpu::CompareFunction::Less,
-                stencil: wgpu::StencilState::default(),
-                bias: wgpu::DepthBiasState::default(),
-            }),
-            multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState {
-                count: 1,
-                mask: !0,
-                alpha_to_coverage_enabled: false,
-            },
-            multiview: None,
-            cache: None,
-        });
+        let render_pipeline = |polygon_mode: wgpu::PolygonMode| {
+            device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+                label: Some("Render Pipeline"),
+                layout: Some(&render_pipeline_layout),
+                vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
+                    module: &shader,
+                    entry_point: "vs_main",
+                    buffers: &[model::ModelVertex::desc(), InstanceRaw::desc()],
+                    compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
+                },
+                fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+                    module: &shader,
+                    entry_point: "fs_main",
+                    targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
+                        format: config.format,
+                        blend: Some(wgpu::BlendState::REPLACE),
+                        write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
+                    })],
+                    compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
+                }),
+                primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState {
+                    topology: wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleList,
+                    strip_index_format: None,
+                    front_face: wgpu::FrontFace::Ccw,
+                    cull_mode: Some(wgpu::Face::Back),
+                    polygon_mode,
+                    unclipped_depth: false,
+                    conservative: false,
+                },
+                depth_stencil: Some(wgpu::DepthStencilState {
+                    format: texture::Texture::DEPTH_FORMAT,
+                    depth_write_enabled: true,
+                    depth_compare: wgpu::CompareFunction::Less,
+                    stencil: wgpu::StencilState::default(),
+                    bias: wgpu::DepthBiasState::default(),
+                }),
+                multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState {
+                    count: 1,
+                    mask: !0,
+                    alpha_to_coverage_enabled: false,
+                },
+                multiview: None,
+                cache: None,
+            })
+        };
 
-        let vertex_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
-            label: Some("Vertex Buffer"),
-            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(VERTICES),
-            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX,
-        });
+        let fill_pipeline = render_pipeline(wgpu::PolygonMode::Fill);
+        let wireframe_render_pipeline = if (device.features() & wgpu::Features::POLYGON_MODE_LINE)
+            == wgpu::Features::POLYGON_MODE_LINE
+        {
+            Some(render_pipeline(wgpu::PolygonMode::Line))
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
 
-        let index_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
-            label: Some("Index Buffer"),
-            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(INDICES),
-            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::INDEX,
-        });
+        //         let vertex_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
+        //             label: Some("Vertex Buffer"),
+        //             contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(VERTICES),
+        //             usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX,
+        //         });
+        //
+        //         let index_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
+        //             label: Some("Index Buffer"),
+        //             contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(INDICES),
+        //             usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::INDEX,
+        //         });
 
         let num_indices = INDICES.len() as u32;
 
···
             queue,
             config,
             size,
-            render_pipeline,
+            render_pipeline: fill_pipeline,
+            wireframe_render_pipeline,
             diffuse_bind_group,
             diffuse_texture,
+            obj_model,
             camera,
             camera_controller,
             camera_uniform,
···
             instances,
             instance_buffer,
             depth_texture,
+            wireframe: false,
             clear_color: wgpu::Color {
                 r: 0.1,
                 g: 0.2,
···
                 };
                 return true;
             }
+            WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                event:
+                    KeyEvent {
+                        state,
+                        physical_key: PhysicalKey::Code(keycode),
+                        ..
+                    },
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let is_pressed = *state == ElementState::Pressed;
+                match *keycode {
+                    KeyCode::KeyL => {
+                        if is_pressed {
+                            self.wireframe = !self.wireframe;
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
             _ => {}
         }
 
···
             timestamp_writes: None,
         });
 
-        render_pass.set_pipeline(&self.render_pipeline);
-
-        render_pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.diffuse_bind_group, &[]);
-        render_pass.set_bind_group(1, &self.camera_bind_group, &[]);
-
-        render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.vertex_buffer.slice(..));
         render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, self.instance_buffer.slice(..));
-
-        render_pass.set_index_buffer(self.index_buffer.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16);
+        render_pass.set_pipeline(if self.wireframe {
+            self.wireframe_render_pipeline
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap_or(&self.render_pipeline)
+        } else {
+            &self.render_pipeline
+        });
 
-        render_pass.draw_indexed(0..self.num_indices, 0, 0..self.instances.len() as _);
+        use model::DrawModel;
+        render_pass.draw_model_instanced(
+            &self.obj_model,
+            0..self.instances.len() as u32,
+            &self.camera_bind_group,
+        );
 
         // drop render pass before we submit to drop the mut borrow on encoder
         drop(render_pass);

src/model.rs

···
+use crate::texture;
+use std::ops::Range;
+
 pub trait Vertex {
-	fn desc() -> wgpu::VertexBufferLayout<'static>;
+    fn desc() -> wgpu::VertexBufferLayout<'static>;
 }
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
 pub struct ModelVertex {
-	pub position: [f32; 3],
-	pub tex_coords: [f32; 2],
-	pub normal: [f32; 3],
+    pub position: [f32; 3],
+    pub tex_coords: [f32; 2],
+    pub normal: [f32; 3],
 }
 
 impl Vertex for ModelVertex {
-	fn desc() -> wgpu::VertexBufferLayout<'static> {
-		use std::mem;
+    fn desc() -> wgpu::VertexBufferLayout<'static> {
+        use std::mem;
+
+        wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+            array_stride: mem::size_of::<ModelVertex>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+            step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex,
+            attributes: &[
+                wgpu::VertexAttribute {
+                    offset: 0,
+                    shader_location: 0,
+                    format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3,
+                },
+                wgpu::VertexAttribute {
+                    offset: mem::size_of::<[f32; 3]>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+                    shader_location: 1,
+                    format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2,
+                },
+                wgpu::VertexAttribute {
+                    offset: mem::size_of::<[f32; 5]>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+                    shader_location: 2,
+                    format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3,
+                },
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+}
 
-		wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
-			array_stride: mem::size_of::<ModelVertex>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
-			step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex,
-			attributes: &[
-				wgpu::VertexAttribute {
-					offset: 0,
-					shader_location: 0,
-					format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3,
-				},
-				wgpu::VertexAttribute {
-					offset: mem::size_of::<[f32; 3]>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
-					shader_location: 1,
-					format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2,
-				},
-				wgpu::VertexAttribute {
-					offset: mem::size_of::<[f32; 5]>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
-					shader_location: 2,
-					format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3,
-				},
-			]
-		}
-	}
-}
+pub struct Model {
+    pub meshes: Vec<Mesh>,
+    pub materials: Vec<Material>,
+}
+
+pub struct Material {
+    pub name: String, // for debugging!
+    pub diffuse_texture: texture::Texture,
+    pub bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
+}
+
+pub struct Mesh {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub vertex_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    pub index_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    pub num_elements: u32,
+    pub material: usize,
+}
+
+pub trait DrawModel<'a> {
+    fn draw_mesh(
+        &mut self,
+        mesh: &'a Mesh,
+        material: &'a Material,
+        camera_bind_group: &'a wgpu::BindGroup,
+    );
+    fn draw_mesh_instanced(
+        &mut self,
+        mesh: &'a Mesh,
+        material: &'a Material,
+        instances: Range<u32>,
+        camera_bind_group: &'a wgpu::BindGroup,
+    );
+    fn draw_model(&mut self, model: &'a Model, camera_bind_group: &'a wgpu::BindGroup);
+    fn draw_model_instanced(
+        &mut self,
+        model: &'a Model,
+        instances: Range<u32>,
+        camera_bind_group: &'a wgpu::BindGroup,
+    );
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> DrawModel<'b> for wgpu::RenderPass<'a>
+where
+    'b: 'a,
+{
+    fn draw_mesh(
+        &mut self,
+        mesh: &'b Mesh,
+        material: &'b Material,
+        camera_bind_group: &'b wgpu::BindGroup,
+    ) {
+        self.draw_mesh_instanced(mesh, material, 0..1, camera_bind_group);
+    }
+
+    fn draw_mesh_instanced(
+        &mut self,
+        mesh: &'b Mesh,
+        material: &'a Material,
+        instances: Range<u32>,
+        camera_bind_group: &'b wgpu::BindGroup,
+    ) {
+        self.set_vertex_buffer(0, mesh.vertex_buffer.slice(..));
+        self.set_index_buffer(mesh.index_buffer.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32);
+        self.set_bind_group(0, &material.bind_group, &[]);
+        self.set_bind_group(1, camera_bind_group, &[]);
+        self.draw_indexed(0..mesh.num_elements, 0, instances);
+    }
+    fn draw_model(&mut self, model: &'b Model, camera_bind_group: &'b wgpu::BindGroup) {
+        self.draw_model_instanced(model, 0..1, camera_bind_group);
+    }
+
+    fn draw_model_instanced(
+        &mut self,
+        model: &'b Model,
+        instances: Range<u32>,
+        camera_bind_group: &'b wgpu::BindGroup,
+    ) {
+        for mesh in &model.meshes {
+            let material = &model.materials[mesh.material];
+            self.draw_mesh_instanced(mesh, material, instances.clone(), camera_bind_group);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/resources.rs

···
-
+use crate::{model, texture};
+use cfg_if::cfg_if;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::io::{BufReader, Cursor};
+use wgpu::util::DeviceExt;
 
 #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
 fn format_url(file_name: &str) -> reqwest::Url {
-	let window = web_sys::window().unwrap();
-	let location = window.location();
-	let mut origin = location.origin().unwrap();
-	if !origin.ends_with("learn-wgpu") {
-		origin = format!("{}/learn-wgpu", origin);
-	}
-	let base = reqwest::Url::parse(&format!("{}/", origin)).unwrap();
-	base.join(file_name).unwrap()
+    let window = web_sys::window().unwrap();
+    let location = window.location();
+    let mut origin = location.origin().unwrap();
+    if !origin.ends_with("res") {
+        origin = format!("{}/res", origin);
+    }
+    let base = reqwest::Url::parse(&format!("{}/", origin)).unwrap();
+    base.join(file_name).unwrap()
 }
 
 pub async fn load_string(file_name: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
-	cfg_if! {
-		if #[c]
-	}
+    cfg_if! {
+        if #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")] {
+            let url = format_url(file_name);
+            let txt = reqwest::get(url)
+                .await?
+                .text()
+                .await?;
+        } else {
+            let path = std::path::Path::new(env!("OUT_DIR"))
+                .join("res")
+                .join(file_name);
+            let txt = std::fs::read_to_string(path)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(txt)
+}
+
+pub async fn load_binary(file_name: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Box<dyn Error>> {
+    cfg_if! {
+        if #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")] {
+            let url = format_url(file_name);
+            let data = reqwest::get(url)
+                .await?
+                .bytes()
+                .await?
+                .to_vec();
+        } else {
+            let path = std::path::Path::new(env!("OUT_DIR"))
+                .join("res")
+                .join(file_name);
+            let data = std::fs::read(path)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(data)
+}
+
+pub async fn load_texture(
+    file_name: &str,
+    device: &wgpu::Device,
+    queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+) -> Result<texture::Texture, Box<dyn Error + 'static>> {
+    let data = load_binary(file_name).await?;
+    texture::Texture::from_bytes(device, queue, &data, file_name).map_err(|e| e.into())
+}
+
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+enum ModelLoadError {
+    #[error("Model has no Diffuse Texture")]
+    TextureDiffuseMissing,
+}
+
+pub async fn load_model(
+    file_name: &str,
+    device: &wgpu::Device,
+    queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+    layout: &wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
+) -> Result<model::Model, Box<dyn std::error::Error + 'static>> {
+    let obj_text = load_string(file_name).await?;
+    let obj_cursor = Cursor::new(obj_text);
+    let mut obj_reader = BufReader::new(obj_cursor);
+
+    let (models, obj_materials) = tobj::load_obj_buf_async(
+        &mut obj_reader,
+        &tobj::LoadOptions {
+            triangulate: true,
+            single_index: true,
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        |p| async move {
+            let mat_text = load_string(&p).await.unwrap();
+            tobj::load_mtl_buf(&mut BufReader::new(Cursor::new(mat_text)))
+        },
+    )
+    .await?;
+
+    let read_material = |material: tobj::Material| async {
+        let diffuse_texture = load_texture(
+            &material
+                .diffuse_texture
+                .ok_or(ModelLoadError::TextureDiffuseMissing)?,
+            device,
+            queue,
+        )
+        .await?;
+        let bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            layout,
+            entries: &[
+                wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                    binding: 0,
+                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&diffuse_texture.view),
+                },
+                wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                    binding: 1,
+                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Sampler(&diffuse_texture.sampler),
+                },
+            ],
+            label: None,
+        });
+
+        Ok::<_, Box<dyn Error>>(model::Material {
+            name: material.name,
+            diffuse_texture,
+            bind_group,
+        })
+    };
+
+    let mesh_positions = |m: &tobj::Model, i: usize| {
+        [
+            m.mesh.positions[i * 3],
+            m.mesh.positions[i * 3 + 1],
+            m.mesh.positions[i * 3 + 2],
+        ]
+    };
+    let mesh_normals = |m: &tobj::Model, i: usize| {
+        if m.mesh.normals.is_empty() {
+            glam::Vec3::ZERO.into()
+        } else {
+            [
+                m.mesh.normals[i * 3],
+                m.mesh.normals[i * 3 + 1],
+                m.mesh.normals[i * 3 + 2],
+            ]
+        }
+    };
+
+    let read_mesh = |m: tobj::Model| {
+        let vertices = (0..m.mesh.positions.len() / 3)
+            .map(|i| model::ModelVertex {
+                position: mesh_positions(&m, i),
+                tex_coords: [m.mesh.texcoords[i * 2], 1.0 - m.mesh.texcoords[i * 2 + 1]],
+                normal: mesh_normals(&m, i),
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let vertex_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
+            label: Some(&format!("{file_name:?} Vertex Buffer")),
+            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&vertices),
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX,
+        });
+
+        let index_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
+            label: Some(&format!("{file_name:?} Index Buffer")),
+            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&m.mesh.indices),
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::INDEX,
+        });
+
+        model::Mesh {
+            name: file_name.to_string(),
+            vertex_buffer,
+            index_buffer,
+            num_elements: m.mesh.indices.len() as u32,
+            material: m.mesh.material_id.unwrap_or(0),
+        }
+    };
+
+    let materials = futures::future::join_all(
+        obj_materials?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(read_material)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+    )
+    .await
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+
+    let meshes = models.into_iter().map(read_mesh).collect();
+
+    Ok(model::Model { meshes, materials })
 }