kernel / Documentation / userspace-api / media / drivers / uvcvideo.rst

.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

The Linux USB Video Class (UVC) driver
======================================

This file documents some driver-specific aspects of the UVC driver, such as
driver-specific ioctls and implementation notes.

Questions and remarks can be sent to the Linux UVC development mailing list at
[e-mail].


Extension Unit (XU) support
---------------------------

Introduction
~~~~~~~~~~~~

The UVC specification allows for vendor-specific extensions through extension
units (XUs). The Linux UVC driver supports extension unit controls (XU controls)
through two separate mechanisms:

  - through mappings of XU controls to V4L2 controls
  - through a driver-specific ioctl interface

The first one allows generic V4L2 applications to use XU controls by mapping
certain XU controls onto V4L2 controls, which then show up during ordinary
control enumeration.

The second mechanism requires uvcvideo-specific knowledge for the application to
access XU controls but exposes the entire UVC XU concept to user space for
maximum flexibility.

Both mechanisms complement each other and are described in more detail below.


Control mappings
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The UVC driver provides an API for user space applications to define so-called
control mappings at runtime. These allow for individual XU controls or byte
ranges thereof to be mapped to new V4L2 controls. Such controls appear and
function exactly like normal V4L2 controls (i.e. the stock controls, such as
brightness, contrast, etc.). However, reading or writing of such a V4L2 controls
triggers a read or write of the associated XU control.

The ioctl used to create these control mappings is called UVCIOC_CTRL_MAP.
Previous driver versions (before 0.2.0) required another ioctl to be used
beforehand (UVCIOC_CTRL_ADD) to pass XU control information to the UVC driver.
This is no longer necessary as newer uvcvideo versions query the information
directly from the device.

For details on the UVCIOC_CTRL_MAP ioctl please refer to the section titled
"IOCTL reference" below.


3. Driver specific XU control interface

For applications that need to access XU controls directly, e.g. for testing
purposes, firmware upload, or accessing binary controls, a second mechanism to
access XU controls is provided in the form of a driver-specific ioctl, namely
UVCIOC_CTRL_QUERY.

A call to this ioctl allows applications to send queries to the UVC driver that
directly map to the low-level UVC control requests.

In order to make such a request the UVC unit ID of the control's extension unit
and the control selector need to be known. This information either needs to be
hardcoded in the application or queried using other ways such as by parsing the
UVC descriptor or, if available, using the media controller API to enumerate a
device's entities.

Unless the control size is already known it is necessary to first make a
UVC_GET_LEN requests in order to be able to allocate a sufficiently large buffer
and set the buffer size to the correct value. Similarly, to find out whether
UVC_GET_CUR or UVC_SET_CUR are valid requests for a given control, a
UVC_GET_INFO request should be made. The bits 0 (GET supported) and 1 (SET
supported) of the resulting byte indicate which requests are valid.

With the addition of the UVCIOC_CTRL_QUERY ioctl the UVCIOC_CTRL_GET and
UVCIOC_CTRL_SET ioctls have become obsolete since their functionality is a
subset of the former ioctl. For the time being they are still supported but
application developers are encouraged to use UVCIOC_CTRL_QUERY instead.

For details on the UVCIOC_CTRL_QUERY ioctl please refer to the section titled
"IOCTL reference" below.


Security
~~~~~~~~

The API doesn't currently provide a fine-grained access control facility. The
UVCIOC_CTRL_ADD and UVCIOC_CTRL_MAP ioctls require super user permissions.

Suggestions on how to improve this are welcome.


Debugging
~~~~~~~~~

In order to debug problems related to XU controls or controls in general it is
recommended to enable the UVC_TRACE_CONTROL bit in the module parameter 'trace'.
This causes extra output to be written into the system log.


IOCTL reference
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

UVCIOC_CTRL_MAP - Map a UVC control to a V4L2 control
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Argument: struct uvc_xu_control_mapping

**Description**:

	This ioctl creates a mapping between a UVC control or part of a UVC
	control and a V4L2 control. Once mappings are defined, userspace
	applications can access vendor-defined UVC control through the V4L2
	control API.

	To create a mapping, applications fill the uvc_xu_control_mapping
	structure with information about an existing UVC control defined with
	UVCIOC_CTRL_ADD and a new V4L2 control.

	A UVC control can be mapped to several V4L2 controls. For instance,
	a UVC pan/tilt control could be mapped to separate pan and tilt V4L2
	controls. The UVC control is divided into non overlapping fields using
	the 'size' and 'offset' fields and are then independently mapped to
	V4L2 control.

	For signed integer V4L2 controls the data_type field should be set to
	UVC_CTRL_DATA_TYPE_SIGNED. Other values are currently ignored.

**Return value**:

	On success 0 is returned. On error -1 is returned and errno is set
	appropriately.

	ENOMEM
		Not enough memory to perform the operation.
	EPERM
		Insufficient privileges (super user privileges are required).
	EINVAL
		No such UVC control.
	EOVERFLOW
		The requested offset and size would overflow the UVC control.
	EEXIST
		Mapping already exists.

**Data types**:

.. code-block:: none

	* struct uvc_xu_control_mapping

	__u32	id		V4L2 control identifier
	__u8	name[32]	V4L2 control name
	__u8	entity[16]	UVC extension unit GUID
	__u8	selector	UVC control selector
	__u8	size		V4L2 control size (in bits)
	__u8	offset		V4L2 control offset (in bits)
	enum v4l2_ctrl_type
		v4l2_type	V4L2 control type
	enum uvc_control_data_type
		data_type	UVC control data type
	struct uvc_menu_info
		*menu_info	Array of menu entries (for menu controls only)
	__u32	menu_count	Number of menu entries (for menu controls only)

	* struct uvc_menu_info

	__u32	value		Menu entry value used by the device
	__u8	name[32]	Menu entry name


	* enum uvc_control_data_type

	UVC_CTRL_DATA_TYPE_RAW		Raw control (byte array)
	UVC_CTRL_DATA_TYPE_SIGNED	Signed integer
	UVC_CTRL_DATA_TYPE_UNSIGNED	Unsigned integer
	UVC_CTRL_DATA_TYPE_BOOLEAN	Boolean
	UVC_CTRL_DATA_TYPE_ENUM		Enumeration
	UVC_CTRL_DATA_TYPE_BITMASK	Bitmask
	UVC_CTRL_DATA_TYPE_RECT		Rectangular area


UVCIOC_CTRL_QUERY - Query a UVC XU control
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Argument: struct uvc_xu_control_query

**Description**:

	This ioctl queries a UVC XU control identified by its extension unit ID
	and control selector.

	There are a number of different queries available that closely
	correspond to the low-level control requests described in the UVC
	specification. These requests are:

	UVC_GET_CUR
		Obtain the current value of the control.
	UVC_GET_MIN
		Obtain the minimum value of the control.
	UVC_GET_MAX
		Obtain the maximum value of the control.
	UVC_GET_DEF
		Obtain the default value of the control.
	UVC_GET_RES
		Query the resolution of the control, i.e. the step size of the
		allowed control values.
	UVC_GET_LEN
		Query the size of the control in bytes.
	UVC_GET_INFO
		Query the control information bitmap, which indicates whether
		get/set requests are supported.
	UVC_SET_CUR
		Update the value of the control.

	Applications must set the 'size' field to the correct length for the
	control. Exceptions are the UVC_GET_LEN and UVC_GET_INFO queries, for
	which the size must be set to 2 and 1, respectively. The 'data' field
	must point to a valid writable buffer big enough to hold the indicated
	number of data bytes.

	Data is copied directly from the device without any driver-side
	processing. Applications are responsible for data buffer formatting,
	including little-endian/big-endian conversion. This is particularly
	important for the result of the UVC_GET_LEN requests, which is always
	returned as a little-endian 16-bit integer by the device.

**Return value**:

	On success 0 is returned. On error -1 is returned and errno is set
	appropriately.

	ENOENT
		The device does not support the given control or the specified
		extension unit could not be found.
	ENOBUFS
		The specified buffer size is incorrect (too big or too small).
	EINVAL
		An invalid request code was passed.
	EBADRQC
		The given request is not supported by the given control.
	EFAULT
		The data pointer references an inaccessible memory area.

**Data types**:

.. code-block:: none

	* struct uvc_xu_control_query

	__u8	unit		Extension unit ID
	__u8	selector	Control selector
	__u8	query		Request code to send to the device
	__u16	size		Control data size (in bytes)
	__u8	*data		Control value


Driver-specific V4L2 controls
-----------------------------

The uvcvideo driver implements the following UVC-specific controls:

``V4L2_CID_UVC_REGION_OF_INTEREST_RECT (struct)``
	This control determines the region of interest (ROI). ROI is a
	rectangular area represented by a struct :c:type:`v4l2_rect`. The
	rectangle is in global sensor coordinates using pixel units. It is
	independent of the field of view, not impacted by any cropping or
	scaling.

	Use ``V4L2_CTRL_WHICH_MIN_VAL`` and ``V4L2_CTRL_WHICH_MAX_VAL`` to query
	the range of rectangle sizes.

	Setting a ROI allows the camera to optimize the capture for the region.
	The value of ``V4L2_CID_REGION_OF_INTEREST_AUTO`` control determines
	the detailed behavior.

	An example of use of this control, can be found in the:
	`Chrome OS USB camera HAL.
	<https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/platform2/+/refs/heads/release-R121-15699.B/camera/hal/usb/>`


``V4L2_CID_UVC_REGION_OF_INTEREST_AUTO (bitmask)``
	This determines which, if any, on-board features should track to the
	Region of Interest specified by the current value of
	``V4L2_CID_UVD__REGION_OF_INTEREST_RECT``.

	Max value is a mask indicating all supported Auto Controls.

.. flat-table::
    :header-rows:  0
    :stub-columns: 0

    * - ``V4L2_UVC_REGION_OF_INTEREST_AUTO_EXPOSURE``
      - Setting this bit causes automatic exposure to track the region of
	interest instead of the whole image.
    * - ``V4L2_UVC_REGION_OF_INTEREST_AUTO_IRIS``
      - Setting this bit causes automatic iris to track the region of interest
        instead of the whole image.
    * - ``V4L2_UVC_REGION_OF_INTEREST_AUTO_WHITE_BALANCE``
      - Setting this bit causes automatic white balance to track the region
	of interest instead of the whole image.
    * - ``V4L2_UVC_REGION_OF_INTEREST_AUTO_FOCUS``
      - Setting this bit causes automatic focus adjustment to track the region
        of interest instead of the whole image.
    * - ``V4L2_UVC_REGION_OF_INTEREST_AUTO_FACE_DETECT``
      - Setting this bit causes automatic face detection to track the region of
        interest instead of the whole image.
    * - ``V4L2_UVC_REGION_OF_INTEREST_AUTO_DETECT_AND_TRACK``
      - Setting this bit enables automatic face detection and tracking. The
	current value of ``V4L2_CID_REGION_OF_INTEREST_RECT`` may be updated by
	the driver.
    * - ``V4L2_UVC_REGION_OF_INTEREST_AUTO_IMAGE_STABILIZATION``
      - Setting this bit enables automatic image stabilization. The
	current value of ``V4L2_CID_REGION_OF_INTEREST_RECT`` may be updated by
	the driver.
    * - ``V4L2_UVC_REGION_OF_INTEREST_AUTO_HIGHER_QUALITY``
      - Setting this bit enables automatically capture the specified region
        with higher quality if possible.