kernel / Documentation / filesystems / Locking

	The text below describes the locking rules for VFS-related methods.
It is (believed to be) up-to-date. *Please*, if you change anything in
prototypes or locking protocols - update this file. And update the relevant
instances in the tree, don't leave that to maintainers of filesystems/devices/
etc. At the very least, put the list of dubious cases in the end of this file.
Don't turn it into log - maintainers of out-of-the-tree code are supposed to
be able to use diff(1).
	Thing currently missing here: socket operations. Alexey?

--------------------------- dentry_operations --------------------------
prototypes:
	int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *, int);
	int (*d_hash) (struct dentry *, struct qstr *);
	int (*d_compare) (struct dentry *, struct qstr *, struct qstr *);
	int (*d_delete)(struct dentry *);
	void (*d_release)(struct dentry *);
	void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct inode *);
	char *(*d_dname)((struct dentry *dentry, char *buffer, int buflen);

locking rules:
	none have BKL
		dcache_lock	rename_lock	->d_lock	may block
d_revalidate:	no		no		no		yes
d_hash		no		no		no		yes
d_compare:	no		yes		no		no 
d_delete:	yes		no		yes		no
d_release:	no		no		no		yes
d_iput:		no		no		no		yes
d_dname:	no		no		no		no

--------------------------- inode_operations --------------------------- 
prototypes:
	int (*create) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int, struct nameidata *);
	struct dentry * (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *, struct nameid
ata *);
	int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct inode *,struct dentry *);
	int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
	int (*symlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,const char *);
	int (*mkdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int);
	int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
	int (*mknod) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int,dev_t);
	int (*rename) (struct inode *, struct dentry *,
			struct inode *, struct dentry *);
	int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char __user *,int);
	int (*follow_link) (struct dentry *, struct nameidata *);
	void (*truncate) (struct inode *);
	int (*permission) (struct inode *, int, struct nameidata *);
	int (*setattr) (struct dentry *, struct iattr *);
	int (*getattr) (struct vfsmount *, struct dentry *, struct kstat *);
	int (*setxattr) (struct dentry *, const char *,const void *,size_t,int);
	ssize_t (*getxattr) (struct dentry *, const char *, void *, size_t);
	ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct dentry *, char *, size_t);
	int (*removexattr) (struct dentry *, const char *);

locking rules:
	all may block, none have BKL
		i_mutex(inode)
lookup:		yes
create:		yes
link:		yes (both)
mknod:		yes
symlink:	yes
mkdir:		yes
unlink:		yes (both)
rmdir:		yes (both)	(see below)
rename:		yes (all)	(see below)
readlink:	no
follow_link:	no
truncate:	yes		(see below)
setattr:	yes
permission:	no
getattr:	no
setxattr:	yes
getxattr:	no
listxattr:	no
removexattr:	yes
	Additionally, ->rmdir(), ->unlink() and ->rename() have ->i_mutex on
victim.
	cross-directory ->rename() has (per-superblock) ->s_vfs_rename_sem.
	->truncate() is never called directly - it's a callback, not a
method. It's called by vmtruncate() - library function normally used by
->setattr(). Locking information above applies to that call (i.e. is
inherited from ->setattr() - vmtruncate() is used when ATTR_SIZE had been
passed).

See Documentation/filesystems/directory-locking for more detailed discussion
of the locking scheme for directory operations.

--------------------------- super_operations ---------------------------
prototypes:
	struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(struct super_block *sb);
	void (*destroy_inode)(struct inode *);
	void (*dirty_inode) (struct inode *);
	int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, int);
	void (*drop_inode) (struct inode *);
	void (*delete_inode) (struct inode *);
	void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
	void (*write_super) (struct super_block *);
	int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, int wait);
	int (*freeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
	int (*unfreeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
	int (*statfs) (struct dentry *, struct kstatfs *);
	int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
	void (*clear_inode) (struct inode *);
	void (*umount_begin) (struct super_block *);
	int (*show_options)(struct seq_file *, struct vfsmount *);
	ssize_t (*quota_read)(struct super_block *, int, char *, size_t, loff_t);
	ssize_t (*quota_write)(struct super_block *, int, const char *, size_t, loff_t);

locking rules:
	All may block.
	None have BKL
			s_umount
alloc_inode:
destroy_inode:
dirty_inode:				(must not sleep)
write_inode:
drop_inode:				!!!inode_lock!!!
delete_inode:
put_super:		write
write_super:		read
sync_fs:		read
freeze_fs:		read
unfreeze_fs:		read
statfs:			no
remount_fs:		maybe		(see below)
clear_inode:
umount_begin:		no
show_options:		no		(namespace_sem)
quota_read:		no		(see below)
quota_write:		no		(see below)

->remount_fs() will have the s_umount exclusive lock if it's already mounted.
When called from get_sb_single, it does NOT have the s_umount lock.
->quota_read() and ->quota_write() functions are both guaranteed to
be the only ones operating on the quota file by the quota code (via
dqio_sem) (unless an admin really wants to screw up something and
writes to quota files with quotas on). For other details about locking
see also dquot_operations section.

--------------------------- file_system_type ---------------------------
prototypes:
	int (*get_sb) (struct file_system_type *, int,
		       const char *, void *, struct vfsmount *);
	void (*kill_sb) (struct super_block *);
locking rules:
		may block	BKL
get_sb		yes		no
kill_sb		yes		no

->get_sb() returns error or 0 with locked superblock attached to the vfsmount
(exclusive on ->s_umount).
->kill_sb() takes a write-locked superblock, does all shutdown work on it,
unlocks and drops the reference.

--------------------------- address_space_operations --------------------------
prototypes:
	int (*writepage)(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc);
	int (*readpage)(struct file *, struct page *);
	int (*sync_page)(struct page *);
	int (*writepages)(struct address_space *, struct writeback_control *);
	int (*set_page_dirty)(struct page *page);
	int (*readpages)(struct file *filp, struct address_space *mapping,
			struct list_head *pages, unsigned nr_pages);
	int (*write_begin)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
				loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned flags,
				struct page **pagep, void **fsdata);
	int (*write_end)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
				loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
				struct page *page, void *fsdata);
	sector_t (*bmap)(struct address_space *, sector_t);
	int (*invalidatepage) (struct page *, unsigned long);
	int (*releasepage) (struct page *, int);
	int (*direct_IO)(int, struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *iov,
			loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs);
	int (*launder_page) (struct page *);

locking rules:
	All except set_page_dirty may block

			BKL	PageLocked(page)	i_sem
writepage:		no	yes, unlocks (see below)
readpage:		no	yes, unlocks
sync_page:		no	maybe
writepages:		no
set_page_dirty		no	no
readpages:		no
write_begin:		no	locks the page		yes
write_end:		no	yes, unlocks		yes
perform_write:		no	n/a			yes
bmap:			no
invalidatepage:		no	yes
releasepage:		no	yes
direct_IO:		no
launder_page:		no	yes

	->write_begin(), ->write_end(), ->sync_page() and ->readpage()
may be called from the request handler (/dev/loop).

	->readpage() unlocks the page, either synchronously or via I/O
completion.

	->readpages() populates the pagecache with the passed pages and starts
I/O against them.  They come unlocked upon I/O completion.

	->writepage() is used for two purposes: for "memory cleansing" and for
"sync".  These are quite different operations and the behaviour may differ
depending upon the mode.

If writepage is called for sync (wbc->sync_mode != WBC_SYNC_NONE) then
it *must* start I/O against the page, even if that would involve
blocking on in-progress I/O.

If writepage is called for memory cleansing (sync_mode ==
WBC_SYNC_NONE) then its role is to get as much writeout underway as
possible.  So writepage should try to avoid blocking against
currently-in-progress I/O.

If the filesystem is not called for "sync" and it determines that it
would need to block against in-progress I/O to be able to start new I/O
against the page the filesystem should redirty the page with
redirty_page_for_writepage(), then unlock the page and return zero.
This may also be done to avoid internal deadlocks, but rarely.

If the filesystem is called for sync then it must wait on any
in-progress I/O and then start new I/O.

The filesystem should unlock the page synchronously, before returning to the
caller, unless ->writepage() returns special WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE
value. WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE means that page cannot really be written out
currently, and VM should stop calling ->writepage() on this page for some
time. VM does this by moving page to the head of the active list, hence the
name.

Unless the filesystem is going to redirty_page_for_writepage(), unlock the page
and return zero, writepage *must* run set_page_writeback() against the page,
followed by unlocking it.  Once set_page_writeback() has been run against the
page, write I/O can be submitted and the write I/O completion handler must run
end_page_writeback() once the I/O is complete.  If no I/O is submitted, the
filesystem must run end_page_writeback() against the page before returning from
writepage.

That is: after 2.5.12, pages which are under writeout are *not* locked.  Note,
if the filesystem needs the page to be locked during writeout, that is ok, too,
the page is allowed to be unlocked at any point in time between the calls to
set_page_writeback() and end_page_writeback().

Note, failure to run either redirty_page_for_writepage() or the combination of
set_page_writeback()/end_page_writeback() on a page submitted to writepage
will leave the page itself marked clean but it will be tagged as dirty in the
radix tree.  This incoherency can lead to all sorts of hard-to-debug problems
in the filesystem like having dirty inodes at umount and losing written data.

	->sync_page() locking rules are not well-defined - usually it is called
with lock on page, but that is not guaranteed. Considering the currently
existing instances of this method ->sync_page() itself doesn't look
well-defined...

	->writepages() is used for periodic writeback and for syscall-initiated
sync operations.  The address_space should start I/O against at least
*nr_to_write pages.  *nr_to_write must be decremented for each page which is
written.  The address_space implementation may write more (or less) pages
than *nr_to_write asks for, but it should try to be reasonably close.  If
nr_to_write is NULL, all dirty pages must be written.

writepages should _only_ write pages which are present on
mapping->io_pages.

	->set_page_dirty() is called from various places in the kernel
when the target page is marked as needing writeback.  It may be called
under spinlock (it cannot block) and is sometimes called with the page
not locked.

	->bmap() is currently used by legacy ioctl() (FIBMAP) provided by some
filesystems and by the swapper. The latter will eventually go away. All
instances do not actually need the BKL. Please, keep it that way and don't
breed new callers.

	->invalidatepage() is called when the filesystem must attempt to drop
some or all of the buffers from the page when it is being truncated.  It
returns zero on success.  If ->invalidatepage is zero, the kernel uses
block_invalidatepage() instead.

	->releasepage() is called when the kernel is about to try to drop the
buffers from the page in preparation for freeing it.  It returns zero to
indicate that the buffers are (or may be) freeable.  If ->releasepage is zero,
the kernel assumes that the fs has no private interest in the buffers.

	->launder_page() may be called prior to releasing a page if
it is still found to be dirty. It returns zero if the page was successfully
cleaned, or an error value if not. Note that in order to prevent the page
getting mapped back in and redirtied, it needs to be kept locked
across the entire operation.

	Note: currently almost all instances of address_space methods are
using BKL for internal serialization and that's one of the worst sources
of contention. Normally they are calling library functions (in fs/buffer.c)
and pass foo_get_block() as a callback (on local block-based filesystems,
indeed). BKL is not needed for library stuff and is usually taken by
foo_get_block(). It's an overkill, since block bitmaps can be protected by
internal fs locking and real critical areas are much smaller than the areas
filesystems protect now.

----------------------- file_lock_operations ------------------------------
prototypes:
	void (*fl_insert)(struct file_lock *);	/* lock insertion callback */
	void (*fl_remove)(struct file_lock *);	/* lock removal callback */
	void (*fl_copy_lock)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *);
	void (*fl_release_private)(struct file_lock *);


locking rules:
			BKL	may block
fl_insert:		yes	no
fl_remove:		yes	no
fl_copy_lock:		yes	no
fl_release_private:	yes	yes

----------------------- lock_manager_operations ---------------------------
prototypes:
	int (*fl_compare_owner)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *);
	void (*fl_notify)(struct file_lock *);  /* unblock callback */
	void (*fl_copy_lock)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *);
	void (*fl_release_private)(struct file_lock *);
	void (*fl_break)(struct file_lock *); /* break_lease callback */

locking rules:
			BKL	may block
fl_compare_owner:	yes	no
fl_notify:		yes	no
fl_copy_lock:		yes	no
fl_release_private:	yes	yes
fl_break:		yes	no

	Currently only NFSD and NLM provide instances of this class. None of the
them block. If you have out-of-tree instances - please, show up. Locking
in that area will change.
--------------------------- buffer_head -----------------------------------
prototypes:
	void (*b_end_io)(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate);

locking rules:
	called from interrupts. In other words, extreme care is needed here.
bh is locked, but that's all warranties we have here. Currently only RAID1,
highmem, fs/buffer.c, and fs/ntfs/aops.c are providing these. Block devices
call this method upon the IO completion.

--------------------------- block_device_operations -----------------------
prototypes:
	int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned, unsigned long);
	int (*media_changed) (struct gendisk *);
	int (*revalidate_disk) (struct gendisk *);

locking rules:
			BKL	bd_sem
open:			yes	yes
release:		yes	yes
ioctl:			yes	no
media_changed:		no	no
revalidate_disk:	no	no

The last two are called only from check_disk_change().

--------------------------- file_operations -------------------------------
prototypes:
	loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
	ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*aio_read) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t);
	ssize_t (*aio_write) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t);
	int (*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t);
	unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
	int (*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned int,
			unsigned long);
	long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
	long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
	int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
	int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*flush) (struct file *);
	int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*fsync) (struct file *, struct dentry *, int datasync);
	int (*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int datasync);
	int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
	int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
	ssize_t (*readv) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,
			loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*writev) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,
			loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*sendfile) (struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, read_actor_t,
			void __user *);
	ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t,
			loff_t *, int);
	unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long,
			unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
	int (*check_flags)(int);
};

locking rules:
	All may block.
			BKL
llseek:			no	(see below)
read:			no
aio_read:		no
write:			no
aio_write:		no
readdir: 		no
poll:			no
ioctl:			yes	(see below)
unlocked_ioctl:		no	(see below)
compat_ioctl:		no
mmap:			no
open:			no
flush:			no
release:		no
fsync:			no	(see below)
aio_fsync:		no
fasync:			no
lock:			yes
readv:			no
writev:			no
sendfile:		no
sendpage:		no
get_unmapped_area:	no
check_flags:		no

->llseek() locking has moved from llseek to the individual llseek
implementations.  If your fs is not using generic_file_llseek, you
need to acquire and release the appropriate locks in your ->llseek().
For many filesystems, it is probably safe to acquire the inode
semaphore.  Note some filesystems (i.e. remote ones) provide no
protection for i_size so you will need to use the BKL.

Note: ext2_release() was *the* source of contention on fs-intensive
loads and dropping BKL on ->release() helps to get rid of that (we still
grab BKL for cases when we close a file that had been opened r/w, but that
can and should be done using the internal locking with smaller critical areas).
Current worst offender is ext2_get_block()...

->fasync() is called without BKL protection, and is responsible for
maintaining the FASYNC bit in filp->f_flags.  Most instances call
fasync_helper(), which does that maintenance, so it's not normally
something one needs to worry about.  Return values > 0 will be mapped to
zero in the VFS layer.

->readdir() and ->ioctl() on directories must be changed. Ideally we would
move ->readdir() to inode_operations and use a separate method for directory
->ioctl() or kill the latter completely. One of the problems is that for
anything that resembles union-mount we won't have a struct file for all
components. And there are other reasons why the current interface is a mess...

->ioctl() on regular files is superceded by the ->unlocked_ioctl() that
doesn't take the BKL.

->read on directories probably must go away - we should just enforce -EISDIR
in sys_read() and friends.

->fsync() has i_mutex on inode.

--------------------------- dquot_operations -------------------------------
prototypes:
	int (*initialize) (struct inode *, int);
	int (*drop) (struct inode *);
	int (*alloc_space) (struct inode *, qsize_t, int);
	int (*alloc_inode) (const struct inode *, unsigned long);
	int (*free_space) (struct inode *, qsize_t);
	int (*free_inode) (const struct inode *, unsigned long);
	int (*transfer) (struct inode *, struct iattr *);
	int (*write_dquot) (struct dquot *);
	int (*acquire_dquot) (struct dquot *);
	int (*release_dquot) (struct dquot *);
	int (*mark_dirty) (struct dquot *);
	int (*write_info) (struct super_block *, int);

These operations are intended to be more or less wrapping functions that ensure
a proper locking wrt the filesystem and call the generic quota operations.

What filesystem should expect from the generic quota functions:

		FS recursion	Held locks when called
initialize:	yes		maybe dqonoff_sem
drop:		yes		-
alloc_space:	->mark_dirty()	-
alloc_inode:	->mark_dirty()	-
free_space:	->mark_dirty()	-
free_inode:	->mark_dirty()	-
transfer:	yes		-
write_dquot:	yes		dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
acquire_dquot:	yes		dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
release_dquot:	yes		dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
mark_dirty:	no		-
write_info:	yes		dqonoff_sem

FS recursion means calling ->quota_read() and ->quota_write() from superblock
operations.

->alloc_space(), ->alloc_inode(), ->free_space(), ->free_inode() are called
only directly by the filesystem and do not call any fs functions only
the ->mark_dirty() operation.

More details about quota locking can be found in fs/dquot.c.

--------------------------- vm_operations_struct -----------------------------
prototypes:
	void (*open)(struct vm_area_struct*);
	void (*close)(struct vm_area_struct*);
	int (*fault)(struct vm_area_struct*, struct vm_fault *);
	int (*page_mkwrite)(struct vm_area_struct *, struct vm_fault *);
	int (*access)(struct vm_area_struct *, unsigned long, void*, int, int);

locking rules:
		BKL	mmap_sem	PageLocked(page)
open:		no	yes
close:		no	yes
fault:		no	yes		can return with page locked
page_mkwrite:	no	yes		can return with page locked
access:		no	yes

	->fault() is called when a previously not present pte is about
to be faulted in. The filesystem must find and return the page associated
with the passed in "pgoff" in the vm_fault structure. If it is possible that
the page may be truncated and/or invalidated, then the filesystem must lock
the page, then ensure it is not already truncated (the page lock will block
subsequent truncate), and then return with VM_FAULT_LOCKED, and the page
locked. The VM will unlock the page.

	->page_mkwrite() is called when a previously read-only pte is
about to become writeable. The filesystem again must ensure that there are
no truncate/invalidate races, and then return with the page locked. If
the page has been truncated, the filesystem should not look up a new page
like the ->fault() handler, but simply return with VM_FAULT_NOPAGE, which
will cause the VM to retry the fault.

	->access() is called when get_user_pages() fails in
acces_process_vm(), typically used to debug a process through
/proc/pid/mem or ptrace.  This function is needed only for
VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP VMAs.

================================================================================
			Dubious stuff

(if you break something or notice that it is broken and do not fix it yourself
- at least put it here)

ipc/shm.c::shm_delete() - may need BKL.
->read() and ->write() in many drivers are (probably) missing BKL.