we / crates / js / src / vm.rs

//! Register-based JavaScript virtual machine.
//!
//! Executes bytecode produced by the compiler. Each call frame has a register
//! file, and the VM dispatches instructions in a loop. Heap-allocated objects
//! (plain objects and functions) are managed by a tri-color mark-and-sweep
//! garbage collector.

use crate::bytecode::{Constant, Function, Op, Reg};
use crate::gc::{Gc, GcRef, Traceable};
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::fmt;

// ── Heap objects (GC-managed) ────────────────────────────────

/// A GC-managed heap object: a plain object, a function, a closure cell, or a generator.
pub enum HeapObject {
    Object(ObjectData),
    Function(Box<FunctionData>),
    /// A mutable cell holding one Value — used for closure-captured variables.
    Cell(Value),
    /// A suspended generator function instance.
    Generator(Box<GeneratorData>),
}

/// State of a generator object.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum GeneratorState {
    /// Created but next() not yet called.
    NotStarted,
    /// Suspended at a yield point.
    Suspended,
    /// Currently executing (re-entrancy guard).
    Executing,
    /// Completed (returned or threw).
    Completed,
}

/// Data for a suspended generator function.
pub struct GeneratorData {
    pub state: GeneratorState,
    /// The generator function's bytecode.
    pub func: Function,
    /// Captured upvalues.
    pub upvalues: Vec<GcRef>,
    /// Saved register file for this generator's frame.
    pub registers: Vec<Value>,
    /// Saved instruction pointer (where to resume).
    pub ip: usize,
    /// The GcRef of the result prototype (for {value, done} objects).
    pub prototype: Option<GcRef>,
    /// Saved exception handlers (for try/catch across await/yield points).
    pub exception_handlers: Vec<(usize, Reg)>,
}

impl Traceable for HeapObject {
    fn trace(&self, visitor: &mut dyn FnMut(GcRef)) {
        match self {
            HeapObject::Object(data) => {
                for prop in data.properties.values() {
                    if let Some(r) = prop.value.gc_ref() {
                        visitor(r);
                    }
                }
                if let Some(proto) = data.prototype {
                    visitor(proto);
                }
            }
            HeapObject::Function(fdata) => {
                if let Some(proto) = fdata.prototype_obj {
                    visitor(proto);
                }
                for prop in fdata.properties.values() {
                    if let Some(r) = prop.value.gc_ref() {
                        visitor(r);
                    }
                }
                for &uv in &fdata.upvalues {
                    visitor(uv);
                }
            }
            HeapObject::Cell(val) => {
                if let Some(r) = val.gc_ref() {
                    visitor(r);
                }
            }
            HeapObject::Generator(gen) => {
                for &uv in &gen.upvalues {
                    visitor(uv);
                }
                for val in &gen.registers {
                    if let Some(r) = val.gc_ref() {
                        visitor(r);
                    }
                }
                if let Some(proto) = gen.prototype {
                    visitor(proto);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/// A property descriptor stored in an object's property map.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Property {
    /// The property's value (for data properties).
    pub value: Value,
    /// Whether the value can be changed via assignment.
    pub writable: bool,
    /// Whether the property shows up in `for...in` and `Object.keys`.
    pub enumerable: bool,
    /// Whether the property can be deleted or its attributes changed.
    pub configurable: bool,
}

impl Property {
    /// Create a new data property with all flags set to true (the JS default for
    /// properties created by assignment).
    pub fn data(value: Value) -> Self {
        Self {
            value,
            writable: true,
            enumerable: true,
            configurable: true,
        }
    }

    /// Create a non-enumerable, non-configurable property (e.g. built-in methods).
    pub fn builtin(value: Value) -> Self {
        Self {
            value,
            writable: true,
            enumerable: false,
            configurable: false,
        }
    }
}

/// A JS plain object (properties stored as a HashMap with descriptors).
pub struct ObjectData {
    pub properties: HashMap<String, Property>,
    pub prototype: Option<GcRef>,
    /// Whether new properties can be added (Object.preventExtensions).
    pub extensible: bool,
}

impl ObjectData {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            properties: HashMap::new(),
            prototype: None,
            extensible: true,
        }
    }
}

impl Default for ObjectData {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

/// A runtime function value: either bytecode or native.
///
/// In JavaScript, functions are objects and can have arbitrary properties
/// (e.g. `assert.sameValue = function() {}`).
pub struct FunctionData {
    pub name: String,
    pub kind: FunctionKind,
    /// The `.prototype` property object (for use as a constructor with `instanceof`).
    pub prototype_obj: Option<GcRef>,
    /// Arbitrary properties set on this function (functions are objects in JS).
    pub properties: HashMap<String, Property>,
    /// Captured upvalue cells (GcRefs to HeapObject::Cell values).
    pub upvalues: Vec<GcRef>,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
pub enum FunctionKind {
    /// Bytecode function.
    Bytecode(BytecodeFunc),
    /// Native (Rust) function.
    Native(NativeFunc),
}

#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct BytecodeFunc {
    pub func: Function,
}

/// A native function callable from JS.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct NativeFunc {
    pub callback: fn(&[Value], &mut NativeContext) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError>,
}

/// Trait for console output. Allows redirecting console output to a dev tools
/// panel or capturing it in tests. The default implementation writes to
/// stdout/stderr.
pub trait ConsoleOutput {
    fn log(&self, message: &str);
    fn error(&self, message: &str);
    fn warn(&self, message: &str);
}

/// Default console output that writes to stdout/stderr.
pub struct StdConsoleOutput;

impl ConsoleOutput for StdConsoleOutput {
    fn log(&self, message: &str) {
        println!("{}", message);
    }
    fn error(&self, message: &str) {
        eprintln!("{}", message);
    }
    fn warn(&self, message: &str) {
        eprintln!("{}", message);
    }
}

/// Context passed to native functions, providing GC access and `this` binding.
pub struct NativeContext<'a> {
    pub gc: &'a mut Gc<HeapObject>,
    pub this: Value,
    pub console_output: &'a dyn ConsoleOutput,
}

// ── JS Value ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// A JavaScript runtime value.
///
/// Primitive types (Undefined, Null, Boolean, Number, String) are stored
/// inline. Objects and Functions are heap-allocated via the GC and referenced
/// by a [`GcRef`] handle.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub enum Value {
    Undefined,
    Null,
    Boolean(bool),
    Number(f64),
    String(String),
    /// A GC-managed plain object.
    Object(GcRef),
    /// A GC-managed function.
    Function(GcRef),
}

impl fmt::Debug for Value {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Value::Undefined => write!(f, "undefined"),
            Value::Null => write!(f, "null"),
            Value::Boolean(b) => write!(f, "{b}"),
            Value::Number(n) => write!(f, "{n}"),
            Value::String(s) => write!(f, "\"{}\"", s),
            Value::Object(_) => write!(f, "[object Object]"),
            Value::Function(_) => write!(f, "[Function]"),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Value {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Value::Undefined => write!(f, "undefined"),
            Value::Null => write!(f, "null"),
            Value::Boolean(b) => write!(f, "{b}"),
            Value::Number(n) => format_number(*n, f),
            Value::String(s) => write!(f, "{s}"),
            Value::Object(_) => write!(f, "[object Object]"),
            Value::Function(_) => write!(f, "function() {{ [native code] }}"),
        }
    }
}

/// Format a number following JS conventions (no trailing .0 for integers).
fn format_number(n: f64, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
    if n.is_nan() {
        write!(f, "NaN")
    } else if n.is_infinite() {
        if n.is_sign_positive() {
            write!(f, "Infinity")
        } else {
            write!(f, "-Infinity")
        }
    } else if n == 0.0 {
        write!(f, "0")
    } else if n.fract() == 0.0 && n.abs() < 1e20 {
        write!(f, "{}", n as i64)
    } else {
        write!(f, "{n}")
    }
}

impl Value {
    /// Abstract `ToBoolean` (ECMA-262 §7.1.2).
    pub fn to_boolean(&self) -> bool {
        match self {
            Value::Undefined | Value::Null => false,
            Value::Boolean(b) => *b,
            Value::Number(n) => *n != 0.0 && !n.is_nan(),
            Value::String(s) => !s.is_empty(),
            Value::Object(_) | Value::Function(_) => true,
        }
    }

    /// Abstract `ToNumber` (ECMA-262 §7.1.3).
    pub fn to_number(&self) -> f64 {
        match self {
            Value::Undefined => f64::NAN,
            Value::Null => 0.0,
            Value::Boolean(true) => 1.0,
            Value::Boolean(false) => 0.0,
            Value::Number(n) => *n,
            Value::String(s) => {
                let s = s.trim();
                if s.is_empty() {
                    0.0
                } else if s == "Infinity" || s == "+Infinity" {
                    f64::INFINITY
                } else if s == "-Infinity" {
                    f64::NEG_INFINITY
                } else {
                    s.parse::<f64>().unwrap_or(f64::NAN)
                }
            }
            Value::Object(_) | Value::Function(_) => f64::NAN,
        }
    }

    /// Abstract `ToString` (ECMA-262 §7.1.12).
    ///
    /// Requires `&Gc` to look up function names for `Value::Function`.
    pub fn to_js_string(&self, gc: &Gc<HeapObject>) -> String {
        match self {
            Value::Undefined => "undefined".to_string(),
            Value::Null => "null".to_string(),
            Value::Boolean(true) => "true".to_string(),
            Value::Boolean(false) => "false".to_string(),
            Value::Number(n) => js_number_to_string(*n),
            Value::String(s) => s.clone(),
            Value::Object(_) => "[object Object]".to_string(),
            Value::Function(gc_ref) => gc
                .get(*gc_ref)
                .and_then(|obj| match obj {
                    HeapObject::Function(f) => {
                        Some(format!("function {}() {{ [native code] }}", f.name))
                    }
                    _ => None,
                })
                .unwrap_or_else(|| "function() { [native code] }".to_string()),
        }
    }

    /// `typeof` operator result.
    pub fn type_of(&self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Value::Undefined => "undefined",
            Value::Null => "object", // yes, this is the spec
            Value::Boolean(_) => "boolean",
            Value::Number(_) => "number",
            Value::String(_) => "string",
            Value::Object(_) => "object",
            Value::Function(_) => "function",
        }
    }

    /// Is this value nullish (null or undefined)?
    pub fn is_nullish(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Value::Undefined | Value::Null)
    }

    /// Extract the `GcRef` if this value is an Object or Function.
    pub fn gc_ref(&self) -> Option<GcRef> {
        match self {
            Value::Object(r) | Value::Function(r) => Some(*r),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
}

/// Format a number as JS would.
pub(crate) fn js_number_to_string(n: f64) -> String {
    if n.is_nan() {
        "NaN".to_string()
    } else if n.is_infinite() {
        if n.is_sign_positive() {
            "Infinity".to_string()
        } else {
            "-Infinity".to_string()
        }
    } else if n == 0.0 {
        "0".to_string()
    } else if n.fract() == 0.0 && n.abs() < 1e20 {
        format!("{}", n as i64)
    } else {
        format!("{n}")
    }
}

// ── Runtime errors ────────────────────────────────────────────

/// JavaScript runtime error types.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct RuntimeError {
    pub kind: ErrorKind,
    pub message: String,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ErrorKind {
    TypeError,
    ReferenceError,
    RangeError,
    SyntaxError,
    Error,
}

impl fmt::Display for RuntimeError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let name = match self.kind {
            ErrorKind::TypeError => "TypeError",
            ErrorKind::ReferenceError => "ReferenceError",
            ErrorKind::RangeError => "RangeError",
            ErrorKind::SyntaxError => "SyntaxError",
            ErrorKind::Error => "Error",
        };
        write!(f, "{name}: {}", self.message)
    }
}

impl RuntimeError {
    pub fn type_error(msg: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: ErrorKind::TypeError,
            message: msg.into(),
        }
    }

    pub fn reference_error(msg: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: ErrorKind::ReferenceError,
            message: msg.into(),
        }
    }

    pub fn range_error(msg: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: ErrorKind::RangeError,
            message: msg.into(),
        }
    }

    pub fn syntax_error(msg: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            kind: ErrorKind::SyntaxError,
            message: msg.into(),
        }
    }

    /// Convert to a JS Value (an error object). Allocates through the GC.
    pub fn to_value(&self, gc: &mut Gc<HeapObject>) -> Value {
        let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
        obj.properties.insert(
            "message".to_string(),
            Property::data(Value::String(self.message.clone())),
        );
        let name = match self.kind {
            ErrorKind::TypeError => "TypeError",
            ErrorKind::ReferenceError => "ReferenceError",
            ErrorKind::RangeError => "RangeError",
            ErrorKind::SyntaxError => "SyntaxError",
            ErrorKind::Error => "Error",
        };
        obj.properties.insert(
            "name".to_string(),
            Property::data(Value::String(name.to_string())),
        );
        Value::Object(gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj)))
    }
}

// ── Property access helpers ──────────────────────────────────

/// Get a property from an object, walking the prototype chain.
fn gc_get_property(gc: &Gc<HeapObject>, obj_ref: GcRef, key: &str) -> Value {
    let proto = {
        match gc.get(obj_ref) {
            Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) => {
                if let Some(prop) = data.properties.get(key) {
                    return prop.value.clone();
                }
                data.prototype
            }
            Some(HeapObject::Function(fdata)) => {
                // Check user-defined properties first.
                if let Some(prop) = fdata.properties.get(key) {
                    return prop.value.clone();
                }
                // Functions have a `.prototype` property.
                if key == "prototype" {
                    if let Some(proto_ref) = fdata.prototype_obj {
                        return Value::Object(proto_ref);
                    }
                    return Value::Undefined;
                }
                None
            }
            _ => return Value::Undefined,
        }
    };
    if let Some(proto_ref) = proto {
        gc_get_property(gc, proto_ref, key)
    } else {
        Value::Undefined
    }
}

/// Check if an object has a property (own or inherited).
fn gc_has_property(gc: &Gc<HeapObject>, obj_ref: GcRef, key: &str) -> bool {
    let proto = {
        match gc.get(obj_ref) {
            Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) => {
                if data.properties.contains_key(key) {
                    return true;
                }
                data.prototype
            }
            Some(HeapObject::Function(fdata)) => {
                if fdata.properties.contains_key(key) || key == "prototype" {
                    return true;
                }
                None
            }
            _ => return false,
        }
    };
    if let Some(proto_ref) = proto {
        gc_has_property(gc, proto_ref, key)
    } else {
        false
    }
}

/// Collect all enumerable string keys of an object (own + inherited), in proper order.
/// Integer indices first (sorted numerically), then string keys in insertion order.
fn gc_enumerate_keys(gc: &Gc<HeapObject>, obj_ref: GcRef) -> Vec<String> {
    let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
    let mut integer_keys: Vec<(u32, String)> = Vec::new();
    let mut string_keys: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
    let mut current = Some(obj_ref);

    while let Some(cur_ref) = current {
        match gc.get(cur_ref) {
            Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) => {
                for (key, prop) in &data.properties {
                    if prop.enumerable && seen.insert(key.clone()) {
                        if let Ok(idx) = key.parse::<u32>() {
                            integer_keys.push((idx, key.clone()));
                        } else {
                            string_keys.push(key.clone());
                        }
                    }
                }
                current = data.prototype;
            }
            _ => break,
        }
    }

    // Integer indices sorted numerically first, then string keys in collected order.
    integer_keys.sort_by_key(|(idx, _)| *idx);
    let mut result: Vec<String> = integer_keys.into_iter().map(|(_, k)| k).collect();
    result.extend(string_keys);
    result
}

/// Check if `obj_ref` is an instance of the constructor at `ctor_ref`.
/// Walks the prototype chain of `obj_ref` looking for `ctor.prototype`.
fn gc_instanceof(gc: &Gc<HeapObject>, obj_ref: GcRef, ctor_ref: GcRef) -> bool {
    // Get the constructor's .prototype object.
    let ctor_proto = match gc.get(ctor_ref) {
        Some(HeapObject::Function(fdata)) => match fdata.prototype_obj {
            Some(p) => p,
            None => return false,
        },
        _ => return false,
    };

    // Walk the prototype chain of obj_ref.
    let mut current = match gc.get(obj_ref) {
        Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) => data.prototype,
        _ => None,
    };

    while let Some(proto_ref) = current {
        if proto_ref == ctor_proto {
            return true;
        }
        current = match gc.get(proto_ref) {
            Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) => data.prototype,
            _ => None,
        };
    }
    false
}

/// Get a string property (length, index access).
fn string_get_property(s: &str, key: &str) -> Value {
    if key == "length" {
        Value::Number(s.len() as f64)
    } else if let Ok(idx) = key.parse::<usize>() {
        s.chars()
            .nth(idx)
            .map(|c| Value::String(c.to_string()))
            .unwrap_or(Value::Undefined)
    } else {
        Value::Undefined
    }
}

// ── Type conversion helpers ──────────────────────────────────

/// ToInt32 (ECMA-262 §7.1.5).
fn to_int32(val: &Value) -> i32 {
    let n = val.to_number();
    if n.is_nan() || n.is_infinite() || n == 0.0 {
        return 0;
    }
    let i = n.trunc() as i64;
    (i & 0xFFFF_FFFF) as i32
}

/// ToUint32 (ECMA-262 §7.1.6).
fn to_uint32(val: &Value) -> u32 {
    let n = val.to_number();
    if n.is_nan() || n.is_infinite() || n == 0.0 {
        return 0;
    }
    let i = n.trunc() as i64;
    (i & 0xFFFF_FFFF) as u32
}

// ── Equality ─────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Abstract equality comparison (==) per ECMA-262 §7.2.14.
fn abstract_eq(x: &Value, y: &Value) -> bool {
    match (x, y) {
        (Value::Undefined, Value::Undefined) => true,
        (Value::Null, Value::Null) => true,
        (Value::Undefined, Value::Null) | (Value::Null, Value::Undefined) => true,
        (Value::Number(a), Value::Number(b)) => a == b,
        (Value::String(a), Value::String(b)) => a == b,
        (Value::Boolean(a), Value::Boolean(b)) => a == b,
        // Number / String → convert String to Number.
        (Value::Number(_), Value::String(_)) => abstract_eq(x, &Value::Number(y.to_number())),
        (Value::String(_), Value::Number(_)) => abstract_eq(&Value::Number(x.to_number()), y),
        // Boolean → Number.
        (Value::Boolean(_), _) => abstract_eq(&Value::Number(x.to_number()), y),
        (_, Value::Boolean(_)) => abstract_eq(x, &Value::Number(y.to_number())),
        // Same GcRef → equal.
        (Value::Object(a), Value::Object(b)) => a == b,
        (Value::Function(a), Value::Function(b)) => a == b,
        _ => false,
    }
}

/// Strict equality comparison (===) per ECMA-262 §7.2.15.
fn strict_eq(x: &Value, y: &Value) -> bool {
    match (x, y) {
        (Value::Undefined, Value::Undefined) => true,
        (Value::Null, Value::Null) => true,
        (Value::Number(a), Value::Number(b)) => a == b,
        (Value::String(a), Value::String(b)) => a == b,
        (Value::Boolean(a), Value::Boolean(b)) => a == b,
        // Reference identity for heap objects.
        (Value::Object(a), Value::Object(b)) => a == b,
        (Value::Function(a), Value::Function(b)) => a == b,
        _ => false,
    }
}

// ── Relational comparison ────────────────────────────────────

/// Abstract relational comparison. Returns false for NaN comparisons.
fn abstract_relational(
    lhs: &Value,
    rhs: &Value,
    predicate: fn(std::cmp::Ordering) -> bool,
) -> bool {
    // If both are strings, compare lexicographically.
    if let (Value::String(a), Value::String(b)) = (lhs, rhs) {
        return predicate(a.cmp(b));
    }
    // Otherwise, compare as numbers.
    let a = lhs.to_number();
    let b = rhs.to_number();
    if a.is_nan() || b.is_nan() {
        return false;
    }
    predicate(a.partial_cmp(&b).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal))
}

// ── Addition ─────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// The + operator: string concat if either operand is a string, else numeric add.
fn add_values(lhs: &Value, rhs: &Value, gc: &Gc<HeapObject>) -> Value {
    match (lhs, rhs) {
        (Value::String(a), _) => Value::String(format!("{a}{}", rhs.to_js_string(gc))),
        (_, Value::String(b)) => Value::String(format!("{}{b}", lhs.to_js_string(gc))),
        _ => Value::Number(lhs.to_number() + rhs.to_number()),
    }
}

// ── Call frame ────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// A single call frame on the VM's call stack.
struct CallFrame {
    /// The function being executed.
    func: Function,
    /// Instruction pointer (byte offset into func.code).
    ip: usize,
    /// Base register index in the VM's register file.
    base: usize,
    /// Register to write the return value into (absolute index in register file).
    return_reg: usize,
    /// Exception handler stack for this frame.
    exception_handlers: Vec<ExceptionHandler>,
    /// Captured upvalue cells from the closure that created this call frame.
    upvalues: Vec<GcRef>,
}

/// An exception handler entry (for try/catch).
struct ExceptionHandler {
    /// IP to jump to on exception (the catch block start).
    catch_ip: usize,
    /// Register to store the caught exception value.
    catch_reg: Reg,
}

// ── VM ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// The JavaScript virtual machine.
pub struct Vm {
    /// Register file (flat array shared across frames via base offsets).
    registers: Vec<Value>,
    /// Call stack.
    frames: Vec<CallFrame>,
    /// Global variables.
    globals: HashMap<String, Value>,
    /// Garbage collector managing heap objects.
    pub gc: Gc<HeapObject>,
    /// Optional instruction limit. If set, the VM will return an error after
    /// executing this many instructions (prevents infinite loops).
    instruction_limit: Option<u64>,
    /// Number of instructions executed so far.
    instructions_executed: u64,
    /// Built-in Object.prototype (root of the prototype chain).
    pub object_prototype: Option<GcRef>,
    /// Built-in Array.prototype (set on newly created arrays).
    pub array_prototype: Option<GcRef>,
    /// Built-in String.prototype (for primitive auto-boxing).
    pub string_prototype: Option<GcRef>,
    /// Built-in Number.prototype (for primitive auto-boxing).
    pub number_prototype: Option<GcRef>,
    /// Built-in Boolean.prototype (for primitive auto-boxing).
    pub boolean_prototype: Option<GcRef>,
    /// Built-in Date.prototype (for Date constructor objects).
    pub date_prototype: Option<GcRef>,
    /// Built-in RegExp.prototype (for RegExp constructor objects).
    pub regexp_prototype: Option<GcRef>,
    /// Built-in Promise.prototype (for Promise objects).
    pub promise_prototype: Option<GcRef>,
    /// Console output sink (configurable for dev tools or testing).
    console_output: Box<dyn ConsoleOutput>,
}

/// Maximum register file size.
const MAX_REGISTERS: usize = 4096;
/// Maximum call depth.
const MAX_CALL_DEPTH: usize = 512;

impl Vm {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        let mut vm = Self {
            registers: vec![Value::Undefined; 256],
            frames: Vec::new(),
            globals: HashMap::new(),
            gc: Gc::new(),
            instruction_limit: None,
            instructions_executed: 0,
            object_prototype: None,
            array_prototype: None,
            string_prototype: None,
            number_prototype: None,
            boolean_prototype: None,
            date_prototype: None,
            regexp_prototype: None,
            promise_prototype: None,
            console_output: Box::new(StdConsoleOutput),
        };
        crate::builtins::init_builtins(&mut vm);
        vm
    }

    /// Replace the console output sink (e.g. for dev tools or testing).
    pub fn set_console_output(&mut self, output: Box<dyn ConsoleOutput>) {
        self.console_output = output;
    }

    /// Set an instruction limit. The VM will return a RuntimeError after
    /// executing this many instructions.
    pub fn set_instruction_limit(&mut self, limit: u64) {
        self.instruction_limit = Some(limit);
    }

    /// Execute a compiled top-level function and return the completion value.
    pub fn execute(&mut self, func: &Function) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
        let reg_count = func.register_count as usize;
        self.ensure_registers(reg_count);

        self.frames.push(CallFrame {
            func: func.clone(),
            ip: 0,
            base: 0,
            return_reg: 0,
            exception_handlers: Vec::new(),
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        });

        let result = self.run()?;
        self.drain_microtasks()?;
        Ok(result)
    }

    /// Call a function (native or bytecode) from outside the execution loop.
    /// Used by the microtask drain to execute promise callbacks.
    pub fn call_function(
        &mut self,
        func_ref: GcRef,
        args: &[Value],
    ) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
        let (kind, upvalues) = match self.gc.get(func_ref) {
            Some(HeapObject::Function(f)) => (f.kind.clone(), f.upvalues.clone()),
            _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not a function")),
        };

        match kind {
            FunctionKind::Native(native) => {
                // Set async resume data if this function has it.
                if let Some(HeapObject::Function(f)) = self.gc.get(func_ref) {
                    if let Some(prop) = f.properties.get("__async_data__") {
                        if let Value::Object(data_ref) = &prop.value {
                            ASYNC_RESUME_DATA.with(|cell| cell.set(Some(*data_ref)));
                        }
                    }
                }

                let this = self
                    .globals
                    .get("this")
                    .cloned()
                    .unwrap_or(Value::Undefined);
                let mut ctx = NativeContext {
                    gc: &mut self.gc,
                    this,
                    console_output: &*self.console_output,
                };
                let result = (native.callback)(args, &mut ctx)?;

                // Check for generator resume marker.
                if let Value::Object(r) = &result {
                    let is_gen_resume = matches!(
                        gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__generator_resume__"),
                        Value::Boolean(true)
                    );
                    if is_gen_resume {
                        let gen_ref = match gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__gen_ref__") {
                            Value::Object(gr) => gr,
                            _ => return Ok(Value::Undefined),
                        };
                        let send_val = gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__send_value__");
                        let kind_str = match gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__resume_kind__") {
                            Value::String(s) => s,
                            _ => "next".to_string(),
                        };
                        return match kind_str.as_str() {
                            "next" => self.run_generator(gen_ref, send_val),
                            "return" => {
                                if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
                                    gen.state = GeneratorState::Completed;
                                }
                                Ok(self.make_iterator_result(send_val, true))
                            }
                            "throw" => {
                                if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
                                    gen.state = GeneratorState::Completed;
                                }
                                Err(RuntimeError::type_error("Generator throw"))
                            }
                            _ => Ok(Value::Undefined),
                        };
                    }

                    // Check for async resume marker.
                    let is_async_resume = matches!(
                        gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__async_resume__"),
                        Value::Boolean(true)
                    );
                    if is_async_resume {
                        let gen_ref = match gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__gen_ref__") {
                            Value::Object(gr) => gr,
                            _ => return Ok(Value::Undefined),
                        };
                        let result_promise =
                            match gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__result_promise__") {
                                Value::Object(pr) => pr,
                                _ => return Ok(Value::Undefined),
                            };
                        let is_throw = matches!(
                            gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__is_throw__"),
                            Value::Boolean(true)
                        );
                        let value = gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__value__");
                        self.drive_async_step(gen_ref, result_promise, value, is_throw);
                        return Ok(Value::Undefined);
                    }

                    // Check for async generator resume marker.
                    let is_ag_resume = matches!(
                        gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__async_generator_resume__"),
                        Value::Boolean(true)
                    );
                    if is_ag_resume {
                        let gen_ref = match gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__gen_ref__") {
                            Value::Object(gr) => gr,
                            _ => return Ok(Value::Undefined),
                        };
                        let send_val = gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__send_value__");
                        let kind_str = match gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__resume_kind__") {
                            Value::String(s) => s,
                            _ => "next".to_string(),
                        };

                        // Create a promise for the result.
                        let promise = crate::builtins::create_promise_object_pub(&mut self.gc);

                        match kind_str.as_str() {
                            "next" => match self.run_generator(gen_ref, send_val) {
                                Ok(iter_result) => {
                                    crate::builtins::resolve_promise_internal(
                                        &mut self.gc,
                                        promise,
                                        iter_result,
                                    );
                                }
                                Err(err) => {
                                    let reason = err.to_value(&mut self.gc);
                                    crate::builtins::reject_promise_internal(
                                        &mut self.gc,
                                        promise,
                                        reason,
                                    );
                                }
                            },
                            "return" => {
                                if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
                                    gen.state = GeneratorState::Completed;
                                }
                                let result = self.make_iterator_result(send_val, true);
                                crate::builtins::resolve_promise_internal(
                                    &mut self.gc,
                                    promise,
                                    result,
                                );
                            }
                            _ => {}
                        }
                        return Ok(Value::Object(promise));
                    }
                }

                Ok(result)
            }
            FunctionKind::Bytecode(bc) => {
                let callee_func = bc.func;

                // Async function: create generator + promise, drive async.
                if callee_func.is_async && !callee_func.is_generator {
                    let gen_ref = self.create_raw_generator(callee_func, upvalues, args);
                    let result_promise = crate::builtins::create_promise_object_pub(&mut self.gc);
                    self.drive_async_step(gen_ref, result_promise, Value::Undefined, false);
                    return Ok(Value::Object(result_promise));
                }

                // Async generator function: create async generator wrapper.
                if callee_func.is_async && callee_func.is_generator {
                    let gen_ref = self.create_raw_generator(callee_func, upvalues, args);
                    let wrapper = self.create_async_generator_wrapper(gen_ref);
                    return Ok(Value::Object(wrapper));
                }

                // Generator function: create a generator object instead of executing.
                if callee_func.is_generator {
                    let gen_obj = self.create_generator_object(callee_func, upvalues, args);
                    return Ok(Value::Object(gen_obj));
                }

                // Save current frames and run the function in isolation.
                let saved_frames = std::mem::take(&mut self.frames);

                // Compute base after any existing register usage.
                let base = saved_frames
                    .last()
                    .map(|f| f.base + f.func.register_count as usize)
                    .unwrap_or(0);

                let reg_count = callee_func.register_count as usize;
                self.ensure_registers(base + reg_count);

                // Copy arguments.
                let param_count = callee_func.param_count as usize;
                for (i, arg) in args.iter().enumerate() {
                    if i < param_count {
                        self.registers[base + i] = arg.clone();
                    }
                }
                for i in args.len()..param_count {
                    self.registers[base + i] = Value::Undefined;
                }

                self.frames.push(CallFrame {
                    func: callee_func,
                    ip: 0,
                    base,
                    return_reg: base,
                    exception_handlers: Vec::new(),
                    upvalues,
                });

                let result = self.run();

                // Restore saved frames.
                self.frames = saved_frames;

                result
            }
        }
    }

    /// Drain the microtask queue. Called after execute() and recursively
    /// until no more microtasks are pending.
    fn drain_microtasks(&mut self) -> Result<(), RuntimeError> {
        loop {
            let tasks = crate::builtins::take_microtasks();
            if tasks.is_empty() {
                break;
            }

            for task in tasks {
                match task.handler {
                    Some(handler_ref) => {
                        // Call the handler with the value.
                        let result =
                            self.call_function(handler_ref, std::slice::from_ref(&task.value));
                        if let Some(chained) = task.chained_promise {
                            // Check if this is a "finally" chain.
                            let is_finally = matches!(
                                crate::builtins::promise_get_prop_pub(
                                    &self.gc,
                                    chained,
                                    "__finally__"
                                ),
                                Value::Boolean(true)
                            );

                            if is_finally {
                                // finally: ignore handler result, propagate parent's result.
                                match result {
                                    Ok(_) => {
                                        let parent = crate::builtins::promise_get_prop_pub(
                                            &self.gc,
                                            chained,
                                            "__finally_parent__",
                                        );
                                        if let Some(parent_ref) = parent.gc_ref() {
                                            let parent_state = crate::builtins::promise_state_pub(
                                                &self.gc, parent_ref,
                                            );
                                            let parent_result =
                                                crate::builtins::promise_get_prop_pub(
                                                    &self.gc,
                                                    parent_ref,
                                                    crate::builtins::PROMISE_RESULT_KEY,
                                                );
                                            if parent_state == crate::builtins::PROMISE_FULFILLED {
                                                crate::builtins::resolve_promise_internal(
                                                    &mut self.gc,
                                                    chained,
                                                    parent_result,
                                                );
                                            } else {
                                                crate::builtins::reject_promise_internal(
                                                    &mut self.gc,
                                                    chained,
                                                    parent_result,
                                                );
                                            }
                                        }
                                    }
                                    Err(err) => {
                                        let err_val = err.to_value(&mut self.gc);
                                        crate::builtins::reject_promise_internal(
                                            &mut self.gc,
                                            chained,
                                            err_val,
                                        );
                                    }
                                }
                            } else {
                                match result {
                                    Ok(val) => {
                                        // If result is a promise, chain it.
                                        if crate::builtins::is_promise_pub(&self.gc, &val) {
                                            if let Some(val_ref) = val.gc_ref() {
                                                let state = crate::builtins::promise_state_pub(
                                                    &self.gc, val_ref,
                                                );
                                                if state == crate::builtins::PROMISE_FULFILLED {
                                                    let r = crate::builtins::promise_get_prop_pub(
                                                        &self.gc,
                                                        val_ref,
                                                        crate::builtins::PROMISE_RESULT_KEY,
                                                    );
                                                    crate::builtins::resolve_promise_internal(
                                                        &mut self.gc,
                                                        chained,
                                                        r,
                                                    );
                                                } else if state == crate::builtins::PROMISE_REJECTED
                                                {
                                                    let r = crate::builtins::promise_get_prop_pub(
                                                        &self.gc,
                                                        val_ref,
                                                        crate::builtins::PROMISE_RESULT_KEY,
                                                    );
                                                    crate::builtins::reject_promise_internal(
                                                        &mut self.gc,
                                                        chained,
                                                        r,
                                                    );
                                                } else {
                                                    crate::builtins::chain_promise_pub(
                                                        &mut self.gc,
                                                        val_ref,
                                                        chained,
                                                    );
                                                }
                                            }
                                        } else {
                                            crate::builtins::resolve_promise_internal(
                                                &mut self.gc,
                                                chained,
                                                val,
                                            );
                                        }
                                    }
                                    Err(err) => {
                                        let err_val = err.to_value(&mut self.gc);
                                        crate::builtins::reject_promise_internal(
                                            &mut self.gc,
                                            chained,
                                            err_val,
                                        );
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    None => {
                        // No handler: identity for fulfillment, thrower for rejection.
                        if let Some(chained) = task.chained_promise {
                            if task.is_fulfillment {
                                crate::builtins::resolve_promise_internal(
                                    &mut self.gc,
                                    chained,
                                    task.value,
                                );
                            } else {
                                crate::builtins::reject_promise_internal(
                                    &mut self.gc,
                                    chained,
                                    task.value,
                                );
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Ensure the register file has at least `needed` slots.
    fn ensure_registers(&mut self, needed: usize) {
        if needed > self.registers.len() {
            if needed > MAX_REGISTERS {
                return;
            }
            self.registers.resize(needed, Value::Undefined);
        }
    }

    /// Read a u8 from the current frame's bytecode and advance IP.
    #[inline]
    fn read_u8(frame: &mut CallFrame) -> u8 {
        let b = frame.func.code[frame.ip];
        frame.ip += 1;
        b
    }

    /// Read a u16 (little-endian) from the current frame's bytecode and advance IP.
    #[inline]
    fn read_u16(frame: &mut CallFrame) -> u16 {
        let lo = frame.func.code[frame.ip];
        let hi = frame.func.code[frame.ip + 1];
        frame.ip += 2;
        u16::from_le_bytes([lo, hi])
    }

    /// Read an i32 (little-endian) from the current frame's bytecode and advance IP.
    #[inline]
    fn read_i32(frame: &mut CallFrame) -> i32 {
        let bytes = [
            frame.func.code[frame.ip],
            frame.func.code[frame.ip + 1],
            frame.func.code[frame.ip + 2],
            frame.func.code[frame.ip + 3],
        ];
        frame.ip += 4;
        i32::from_le_bytes(bytes)
    }

    // ── Generator helpers ──────────────────────────────────────

    /// Create a generator object from a generator function.
    fn create_generator_object(
        &mut self,
        func: Function,
        upvalues: Vec<GcRef>,
        args: &[Value],
    ) -> GcRef {
        // Pre-fill registers with arguments.
        let reg_count = func.register_count as usize;
        let mut regs = vec![Value::Undefined; reg_count];
        for (i, arg) in args.iter().enumerate() {
            if i < func.param_count as usize {
                regs[i] = arg.clone();
            }
        }

        let gen_data = GeneratorData {
            state: GeneratorState::NotStarted,
            func,
            upvalues,
            registers: regs,
            ip: 0,
            prototype: self.object_prototype,
            exception_handlers: Vec::new(),
        };

        let gen_ref = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Generator(Box::new(gen_data)));

        // Wrap in an object with next/return/throw methods.
        let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
        obj.prototype = self.object_prototype;

        // Store the generator GcRef so methods can find it.
        obj.properties.insert(
            "__gen__".to_string(),
            Property {
                value: Value::Object(gen_ref),
                writable: false,
                enumerable: false,
                configurable: false,
            },
        );

        // next() method
        let next_fn = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
            name: "next".to_string(),
            kind: FunctionKind::Native(NativeFunc {
                callback: generator_next,
            }),
            prototype_obj: None,
            properties: HashMap::new(),
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        })));
        obj.properties.insert(
            "next".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Function(next_fn)),
        );

        // return() method
        let return_fn = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
            name: "return".to_string(),
            kind: FunctionKind::Native(NativeFunc {
                callback: generator_return,
            }),
            prototype_obj: None,
            properties: HashMap::new(),
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        })));
        obj.properties.insert(
            "return".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Function(return_fn)),
        );

        // throw() method
        let throw_fn = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
            name: "throw".to_string(),
            kind: FunctionKind::Native(NativeFunc {
                callback: generator_throw,
            }),
            prototype_obj: None,
            properties: HashMap::new(),
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        })));
        obj.properties.insert(
            "throw".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Function(throw_fn)),
        );

        // @@iterator method (generators are iterable - returns self)
        let iter_fn = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
            name: "[Symbol.iterator]".to_string(),
            kind: FunctionKind::Native(NativeFunc {
                callback: generator_symbol_iterator,
            }),
            prototype_obj: None,
            properties: HashMap::new(),
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        })));
        obj.properties.insert(
            "@@iterator".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Function(iter_fn)),
        );

        self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj))
    }

    /// Create a raw GeneratorData (HeapObject::Generator) without the wrapper object.
    /// Used by async functions which manage their own driving logic.
    fn create_raw_generator(
        &mut self,
        func: Function,
        upvalues: Vec<GcRef>,
        args: &[Value],
    ) -> GcRef {
        let reg_count = func.register_count as usize;
        let mut regs = vec![Value::Undefined; reg_count];
        for (i, arg) in args.iter().enumerate() {
            if i < func.param_count as usize {
                regs[i] = arg.clone();
            }
        }

        let gen_data = GeneratorData {
            state: GeneratorState::NotStarted,
            func,
            upvalues,
            registers: regs,
            ip: 0,
            prototype: self.object_prototype,
            exception_handlers: Vec::new(),
        };

        self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Generator(Box::new(gen_data)))
    }

    /// Create a {value, done} iterator result object.
    fn make_iterator_result(&mut self, value: Value, done: bool) -> Value {
        let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
        obj.prototype = self.object_prototype;
        obj.properties
            .insert("value".to_string(), Property::data(value));
        obj.properties
            .insert("done".to_string(), Property::data(Value::Boolean(done)));
        let gc_ref = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));
        Value::Object(gc_ref)
    }

    /// Run a generator until its next yield/return.
    /// Returns the yielded/returned value.
    pub fn run_generator(
        &mut self,
        gen_ref: GcRef,
        send_value: Value,
    ) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
        // Extract generator data.
        let (func, upvalues, mut regs, ip, state, saved_exc_handlers) = match self.gc.get(gen_ref) {
            Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) => {
                if gen.state == GeneratorState::Completed {
                    return Ok(self.make_iterator_result(Value::Undefined, true));
                }
                if gen.state == GeneratorState::Executing {
                    return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("Generator is already executing"));
                }
                (
                    gen.func.clone(),
                    gen.upvalues.clone(),
                    gen.registers.clone(),
                    gen.ip,
                    gen.state,
                    gen.exception_handlers.clone(),
                )
            }
            _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not a generator")),
        };

        // Mark as executing.
        if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
            gen.state = GeneratorState::Executing;
        }

        // If resuming from a yield/await, write the sent value into the dst register.
        if state == GeneratorState::Suspended && ip >= 3 {
            // The Yield/Await instruction was: op dst, src (3 bytes total: op + dst + src)
            // After executing, ip points past it. The dst byte is at ip - 2.
            let dst_reg = func.code[ip - 2] as usize;
            regs[dst_reg] = send_value;
        }

        // Save current VM state.
        let saved_frames = std::mem::take(&mut self.frames);
        let saved_instructions = self.instructions_executed;

        // Use a base past any existing register usage to avoid clobbering
        // the caller's register file.
        let base = saved_frames
            .last()
            .map(|f| f.base + f.func.register_count as usize)
            .unwrap_or(0);

        let reg_count = func.register_count as usize;
        self.ensure_registers(base + reg_count + 1);

        // Set up registers for the generator.
        for (i, val) in regs.iter().enumerate() {
            self.registers[base + i] = val.clone();
        }

        // Push frame. return_reg points to a slot that holds the generator ref
        // so Yield can find it. We use a slot just past the registers.
        self.registers[base + reg_count] = Value::Object(gen_ref);

        // Restore exception handlers.
        let exception_handlers = saved_exc_handlers
            .iter()
            .map(|&(catch_ip, catch_reg)| ExceptionHandler {
                catch_ip,
                catch_reg,
            })
            .collect();

        self.frames.push(CallFrame {
            func,
            ip,
            base,
            return_reg: base + reg_count,
            exception_handlers,
            upvalues,
        });

        let result = self.run();

        // Restore VM state.
        self.frames = saved_frames;
        self.instructions_executed = saved_instructions;

        match result {
            Ok(val) => {
                // Normal return from generator (either via Return or end of function).
                // Check if it was a Yield (state == Suspended) or a Return (state stays Executing).
                let gen_state = match self.gc.get(gen_ref) {
                    Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) => gen.state,
                    _ => GeneratorState::Completed,
                };
                if gen_state == GeneratorState::Suspended {
                    // Yield already created the result; `val` is the {value, done} object.
                    Ok(val)
                } else {
                    // Return: mark completed and wrap result.
                    if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
                        gen.state = GeneratorState::Completed;
                    }
                    Ok(self.make_iterator_result(val, true))
                }
            }
            Err(err) => {
                // Generator threw: mark completed.
                if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
                    gen.state = GeneratorState::Completed;
                }
                Err(err)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Throw a value into a suspended generator. Used for `await` on rejected
    /// promises — the rejection reason is thrown so that try/catch can handle it.
    fn throw_into_generator(
        &mut self,
        gen_ref: GcRef,
        throw_value: Value,
    ) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
        // Extract generator data.
        let (func, upvalues, regs, ip, state, saved_exc_handlers) = match self.gc.get(gen_ref) {
            Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) => {
                if gen.state == GeneratorState::Completed {
                    return Ok(self.make_iterator_result(Value::Undefined, true));
                }
                if gen.state == GeneratorState::Executing {
                    return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("Generator is already executing"));
                }
                (
                    gen.func.clone(),
                    gen.upvalues.clone(),
                    gen.registers.clone(),
                    gen.ip,
                    gen.state,
                    gen.exception_handlers.clone(),
                )
            }
            _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not a generator")),
        };

        if state == GeneratorState::NotStarted {
            if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
                gen.state = GeneratorState::Completed;
            }
            return Err(RuntimeError {
                kind: ErrorKind::Error,
                message: throw_value.to_js_string(&self.gc),
            });
        }

        // Mark as executing.
        if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
            gen.state = GeneratorState::Executing;
        }

        // Save current VM state.
        let saved_frames = std::mem::take(&mut self.frames);
        let saved_instructions = self.instructions_executed;

        let base = saved_frames
            .last()
            .map(|f| f.base + f.func.register_count as usize)
            .unwrap_or(0);

        let reg_count = func.register_count as usize;
        self.ensure_registers(base + reg_count + 1);

        for (i, val) in regs.iter().enumerate() {
            self.registers[base + i] = val.clone();
        }

        self.registers[base + reg_count] = Value::Object(gen_ref);

        // Restore exception handlers from the generator.
        let exception_handlers = saved_exc_handlers
            .iter()
            .map(|&(catch_ip, catch_reg)| ExceptionHandler {
                catch_ip,
                catch_reg,
            })
            .collect();

        self.frames.push(CallFrame {
            func,
            ip,
            base,
            return_reg: base + reg_count,
            exception_handlers,
            upvalues,
        });

        // Instead of writing send_value to dst register, throw the value.
        let caught = self.handle_exception(throw_value);
        let result = if caught {
            self.run()
        } else {
            let msg = "Uncaught (in async)".to_string();
            Err(RuntimeError {
                kind: ErrorKind::Error,
                message: msg,
            })
        };

        // Restore VM state.
        self.frames = saved_frames;
        self.instructions_executed = saved_instructions;

        match result {
            Ok(val) => {
                let gen_state = match self.gc.get(gen_ref) {
                    Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) => gen.state,
                    _ => GeneratorState::Completed,
                };
                if gen_state == GeneratorState::Suspended {
                    Ok(val)
                } else {
                    if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
                        gen.state = GeneratorState::Completed;
                    }
                    Ok(self.make_iterator_result(val, true))
                }
            }
            Err(err) => {
                if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
                    gen.state = GeneratorState::Completed;
                }
                Err(err)
            }
        }
    }

    // ── Iterator protocol helpers ────────────────────────────────

    /// Get an iterator from a value by calling its [Symbol.iterator]() method.
    pub fn get_iterator(&mut self, iterable: &Value) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
        // Get the @@iterator property.
        let iter_fn = match iterable {
            Value::Object(gc_ref) | Value::Function(gc_ref) => {
                gc_get_property(&self.gc, *gc_ref, "@@iterator")
            }
            Value::String(_) => {
                // Strings have @@iterator on their prototype.
                self.string_prototype
                    .map(|p| gc_get_property(&self.gc, p, "@@iterator"))
                    .unwrap_or(Value::Undefined)
            }
            _ => Value::Undefined,
        };

        let iter_fn_ref = match iter_fn {
            Value::Function(r) => r,
            _ => {
                return Err(RuntimeError::type_error(
                    "object is not iterable (no Symbol.iterator)",
                ));
            }
        };

        // Call [Symbol.iterator]() with `this` set to the iterable.
        // We temporarily set `this` in globals for the native call.
        let old_this = self.globals.get("this").cloned();
        self.globals.insert("this".to_string(), iterable.clone());
        let result = self.call_function(iter_fn_ref, &[]);
        match old_this {
            Some(v) => self.globals.insert("this".to_string(), v),
            None => self.globals.remove("this"),
        };
        result
    }

    /// Call iterator.next() and return (value, done).
    pub fn iterator_next(&mut self, iterator: &Value) -> Result<(Value, bool), RuntimeError> {
        let iter_ref = match iterator {
            Value::Object(r) | Value::Function(r) => *r,
            _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("iterator is not an object")),
        };

        let next_fn = gc_get_property(&self.gc, iter_ref, "next");
        let next_fn_ref = match next_fn {
            Value::Function(r) => r,
            _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("iterator.next is not a function")),
        };

        // Call next() with `this` = iterator.
        let old_this = self.globals.get("this").cloned();
        self.globals.insert("this".to_string(), iterator.clone());
        let result = self.call_function(next_fn_ref, &[])?;
        match old_this {
            Some(v) => self.globals.insert("this".to_string(), v),
            None => self.globals.remove("this"),
        };

        // Extract value and done from the result object.
        let (value, done) = match result {
            Value::Object(r) => {
                let val = gc_get_property(&self.gc, r, "value");
                let d = gc_get_property(&self.gc, r, "done");
                (val, d.to_boolean())
            }
            _ => (Value::Undefined, true),
        };

        Ok((value, done))
    }

    // ── Async function helpers ──────────────────────────────────

    /// Drive one step of an async function. Runs the internal generator until
    /// it yields (await) or returns, then wires up promise reactions for the
    /// next step.
    fn drive_async_step(
        &mut self,
        gen_ref: GcRef,
        result_promise: GcRef,
        send_value: Value,
        is_throw: bool,
    ) {
        let result = if is_throw {
            // Throw into the generator — resume it and throw so that
            // try/catch inside the async function can handle it.
            self.throw_into_generator(gen_ref, send_value)
        } else {
            self.run_generator(gen_ref, send_value)
        };

        match result {
            Ok(iter_result) => {
                // Extract {value, done} from the iterator result.
                let (value, done) = match &iter_result {
                    Value::Object(r) => {
                        let val = gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "value");
                        let d = gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "done");
                        (val, d.to_boolean())
                    }
                    _ => (Value::Undefined, true),
                };

                if done {
                    // Async function returned — resolve the result promise.
                    crate::builtins::resolve_promise_internal(&mut self.gc, result_promise, value);
                } else {
                    // Async function awaited — set up promise chain to resume.
                    self.setup_async_resume(gen_ref, result_promise, value);
                }
            }
            Err(err) => {
                // Async function threw — reject the result promise.
                // For plain `throw expr` (ErrorKind::Error), reject with the
                // message string to preserve the original thrown value.
                // For typed errors (TypeError, etc.), wrap in an error object.
                let reason = if err.kind == ErrorKind::Error {
                    Value::String(err.message.clone())
                } else {
                    err.to_value(&mut self.gc)
                };
                crate::builtins::reject_promise_internal(&mut self.gc, result_promise, reason);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Set up promise reactions so that when the awaited value settles, the
    /// async function resumes.
    fn setup_async_resume(&mut self, gen_ref: GcRef, result_promise: GcRef, awaited_value: Value) {
        // Create the fulfill callback.
        let fulfill_data = self.make_async_resume_data(gen_ref, result_promise, false);
        let fulfill_fn = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
            name: "__async_fulfill__".to_string(),
            kind: FunctionKind::Native(NativeFunc {
                callback: async_resume_callback,
            }),
            prototype_obj: None,
            properties: {
                let mut m = HashMap::new();
                m.insert(
                    "__async_data__".to_string(),
                    Property::builtin(Value::Object(fulfill_data)),
                );
                m
            },
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        })));

        // Create the reject callback.
        let reject_data = self.make_async_resume_data(gen_ref, result_promise, true);
        let reject_fn = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
            name: "__async_reject__".to_string(),
            kind: FunctionKind::Native(NativeFunc {
                callback: async_resume_callback,
            }),
            prototype_obj: None,
            properties: {
                let mut m = HashMap::new();
                m.insert(
                    "__async_data__".to_string(),
                    Property::builtin(Value::Object(reject_data)),
                );
                m
            },
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        })));

        // If the awaited value is a promise, react to it.
        if crate::builtins::is_promise_pub(&self.gc, &awaited_value) {
            let val_ref = awaited_value.gc_ref().unwrap();
            let state = crate::builtins::promise_state_pub(&self.gc, val_ref);
            if state == crate::builtins::PROMISE_FULFILLED {
                let r = crate::builtins::promise_get_prop_pub(
                    &self.gc,
                    val_ref,
                    crate::builtins::PROMISE_RESULT_KEY,
                );
                crate::builtins::enqueue_microtask_pub(crate::builtins::Microtask {
                    handler: Some(fulfill_fn),
                    value: r,
                    chained_promise: None,
                    is_fulfillment: true,
                });
            } else if state == crate::builtins::PROMISE_REJECTED {
                let r = crate::builtins::promise_get_prop_pub(
                    &self.gc,
                    val_ref,
                    crate::builtins::PROMISE_RESULT_KEY,
                );
                crate::builtins::enqueue_microtask_pub(crate::builtins::Microtask {
                    handler: Some(reject_fn),
                    value: r,
                    chained_promise: None,
                    is_fulfillment: false,
                });
            } else {
                // Pending promise: add reactions.
                crate::builtins::add_reaction_pub(
                    &mut self.gc,
                    val_ref,
                    Value::Function(fulfill_fn),
                    Value::Function(reject_fn),
                );
            }
        } else {
            // Not a promise: resume immediately via microtask with the value.
            crate::builtins::enqueue_microtask_pub(crate::builtins::Microtask {
                handler: Some(fulfill_fn),
                value: awaited_value,
                chained_promise: None,
                is_fulfillment: true,
            });
        }
    }

    /// Create an object holding the data needed to resume an async function.
    fn make_async_resume_data(
        &mut self,
        gen_ref: GcRef,
        result_promise: GcRef,
        is_throw: bool,
    ) -> GcRef {
        let mut data = ObjectData::new();
        data.properties.insert(
            "__gen_ref__".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Object(gen_ref)),
        );
        data.properties.insert(
            "__result_promise__".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Object(result_promise)),
        );
        data.properties.insert(
            "__is_throw__".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Boolean(is_throw)),
        );
        self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(data))
    }

    /// Create an async generator wrapper object (for `async function*`).
    fn create_async_generator_wrapper(&mut self, gen_ref: GcRef) -> GcRef {
        let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
        obj.prototype = self.object_prototype;

        obj.properties.insert(
            "__gen__".to_string(),
            Property {
                value: Value::Object(gen_ref),
                writable: false,
                enumerable: false,
                configurable: false,
            },
        );

        // next() method — returns a Promise for the next iteration result.
        let next_fn = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
            name: "next".to_string(),
            kind: FunctionKind::Native(NativeFunc {
                callback: async_generator_next,
            }),
            prototype_obj: None,
            properties: HashMap::new(),
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        })));
        obj.properties.insert(
            "next".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Function(next_fn)),
        );

        // return() method
        let return_fn = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
            name: "return".to_string(),
            kind: FunctionKind::Native(NativeFunc {
                callback: async_generator_return,
            }),
            prototype_obj: None,
            properties: HashMap::new(),
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        })));
        obj.properties.insert(
            "return".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Function(return_fn)),
        );

        // @@asyncIterator method — returns self.
        let iter_fn = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
            name: "[Symbol.asyncIterator]".to_string(),
            kind: FunctionKind::Native(NativeFunc {
                callback: generator_symbol_iterator,
            }),
            prototype_obj: None,
            properties: HashMap::new(),
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        })));
        obj.properties.insert(
            "@@asyncIterator".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Function(iter_fn)),
        );

        self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj))
    }

    /// Collect all GcRef values reachable from the mutator (roots for GC).
    fn collect_roots(&self) -> Vec<GcRef> {
        let mut roots = Vec::new();
        for val in &self.registers {
            if let Some(r) = val.gc_ref() {
                roots.push(r);
            }
        }
        for val in self.globals.values() {
            if let Some(r) = val.gc_ref() {
                roots.push(r);
            }
        }
        for frame in &self.frames {
            for &uv in &frame.upvalues {
                roots.push(uv);
            }
        }
        // Built-in prototype roots.
        if let Some(r) = self.object_prototype {
            roots.push(r);
        }
        if let Some(r) = self.array_prototype {
            roots.push(r);
        }
        if let Some(r) = self.string_prototype {
            roots.push(r);
        }
        if let Some(r) = self.number_prototype {
            roots.push(r);
        }
        if let Some(r) = self.boolean_prototype {
            roots.push(r);
        }
        if let Some(r) = self.promise_prototype {
            roots.push(r);
        }
        roots
    }

    /// Main dispatch loop.
    fn run(&mut self) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
        loop {
            let fi = self.frames.len() - 1;

            // Check if we've reached the end of bytecode.
            if self.frames[fi].ip >= self.frames[fi].func.code.len() {
                if self.frames.len() == 1 {
                    self.frames.pop();
                    return Ok(Value::Undefined);
                }
                let old = self.frames.pop().unwrap();
                self.registers[old.return_reg] = Value::Undefined;
                continue;
            }

            // Instruction limit check (for test harnesses).
            if let Some(limit) = self.instruction_limit {
                self.instructions_executed += 1;
                if self.instructions_executed > limit {
                    return Err(RuntimeError {
                        kind: ErrorKind::Error,
                        message: "instruction limit exceeded".into(),
                    });
                }
            }

            let opcode_byte = self.frames[fi].func.code[self.frames[fi].ip];
            self.frames[fi].ip += 1;

            let Some(op) = Op::from_byte(opcode_byte) else {
                return Err(RuntimeError {
                    kind: ErrorKind::Error,
                    message: format!("unknown opcode: 0x{opcode_byte:02X}"),
                });
            };

            match op {
                // ── Register loads ──────────────────────────────
                Op::LoadConst => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let idx = Self::read_u16(&mut self.frames[fi]) as usize;
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let val = match &self.frames[fi].func.constants[idx] {
                        Constant::Number(n) => Value::Number(*n),
                        Constant::String(s) => Value::String(s.clone()),
                    };
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = val;
                }
                Op::LoadNull => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Null;
                }
                Op::LoadUndefined => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Undefined;
                }
                Op::LoadTrue => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Boolean(true);
                }
                Op::LoadFalse => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Boolean(false);
                }
                Op::LoadInt8 => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let val = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]) as i8;
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Number(val as f64);
                }
                Op::Move => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let val = self.registers[base + src as usize].clone();
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = val;
                }

                // ── Global access ──────────────────────────────
                Op::LoadGlobal => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let name_idx = Self::read_u16(&mut self.frames[fi]) as usize;
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let name = &self.frames[fi].func.names[name_idx];
                    let val = self.globals.get(name).cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Undefined);
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = val;
                }
                Op::StoreGlobal => {
                    let name_idx = Self::read_u16(&mut self.frames[fi]) as usize;
                    let src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let name = self.frames[fi].func.names[name_idx].clone();
                    let val = self.registers[base + src as usize].clone();
                    self.globals.insert(name, val);
                }

                // ── Arithmetic ─────────────────────────────────
                Op::Add => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let lhs_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let rhs_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let result = add_values(
                        &self.registers[base + lhs_r as usize],
                        &self.registers[base + rhs_r as usize],
                        &self.gc,
                    );
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = result;
                }
                Op::Sub => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result = self.registers[base + lhs_r].to_number()
                        - self.registers[base + rhs_r].to_number();
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Number(result);
                }
                Op::Mul => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result = self.registers[base + lhs_r].to_number()
                        * self.registers[base + rhs_r].to_number();
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Number(result);
                }
                Op::Div => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result = self.registers[base + lhs_r].to_number()
                        / self.registers[base + rhs_r].to_number();
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Number(result);
                }
                Op::Rem => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result = self.registers[base + lhs_r].to_number()
                        % self.registers[base + rhs_r].to_number();
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Number(result);
                }
                Op::Exp => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result = self.registers[base + lhs_r]
                        .to_number()
                        .powf(self.registers[base + rhs_r].to_number());
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Number(result);
                }
                Op::Neg => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let result = -self.registers[base + src as usize].to_number();
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Number(result);
                }

                // ── Bitwise ────────────────────────────────────
                Op::BitAnd => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let a = to_int32(&self.registers[base + lhs_r]);
                    let b = to_int32(&self.registers[base + rhs_r]);
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Number((a & b) as f64);
                }
                Op::BitOr => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let a = to_int32(&self.registers[base + lhs_r]);
                    let b = to_int32(&self.registers[base + rhs_r]);
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Number((a | b) as f64);
                }
                Op::BitXor => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let a = to_int32(&self.registers[base + lhs_r]);
                    let b = to_int32(&self.registers[base + rhs_r]);
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Number((a ^ b) as f64);
                }
                Op::ShiftLeft => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let a = to_int32(&self.registers[base + lhs_r]);
                    let b = to_uint32(&self.registers[base + rhs_r]) & 0x1F;
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Number((a << b) as f64);
                }
                Op::ShiftRight => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let a = to_int32(&self.registers[base + lhs_r]);
                    let b = to_uint32(&self.registers[base + rhs_r]) & 0x1F;
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Number((a >> b) as f64);
                }
                Op::UShiftRight => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let a = to_uint32(&self.registers[base + lhs_r]);
                    let b = to_uint32(&self.registers[base + rhs_r]) & 0x1F;
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Number((a >> b) as f64);
                }
                Op::BitNot => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let result = !to_int32(&self.registers[base + src as usize]);
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Number(result as f64);
                }

                // ── Comparison ─────────────────────────────────
                Op::Eq => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result =
                        abstract_eq(&self.registers[base + lhs_r], &self.registers[base + rhs_r]);
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Boolean(result);
                }
                Op::StrictEq => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result =
                        strict_eq(&self.registers[base + lhs_r], &self.registers[base + rhs_r]);
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Boolean(result);
                }
                Op::NotEq => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result =
                        !abstract_eq(&self.registers[base + lhs_r], &self.registers[base + rhs_r]);
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Boolean(result);
                }
                Op::StrictNotEq => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result =
                        !strict_eq(&self.registers[base + lhs_r], &self.registers[base + rhs_r]);
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Boolean(result);
                }
                Op::LessThan => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result = abstract_relational(
                        &self.registers[base + lhs_r],
                        &self.registers[base + rhs_r],
                        |ord| ord == std::cmp::Ordering::Less,
                    );
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Boolean(result);
                }
                Op::LessEq => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result = abstract_relational(
                        &self.registers[base + lhs_r],
                        &self.registers[base + rhs_r],
                        |ord| ord != std::cmp::Ordering::Greater,
                    );
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Boolean(result);
                }
                Op::GreaterThan => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result = abstract_relational(
                        &self.registers[base + lhs_r],
                        &self.registers[base + rhs_r],
                        |ord| ord == std::cmp::Ordering::Greater,
                    );
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Boolean(result);
                }
                Op::GreaterEq => {
                    let (dst, lhs_r, rhs_r, base) = self.read_3reg(fi);
                    let result = abstract_relational(
                        &self.registers[base + lhs_r],
                        &self.registers[base + rhs_r],
                        |ord| ord != std::cmp::Ordering::Less,
                    );
                    self.registers[base + dst] = Value::Boolean(result);
                }

                // ── Logical / unary ────────────────────────────
                Op::LogicalNot => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let result = !self.registers[base + src as usize].to_boolean();
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Boolean(result);
                }
                Op::TypeOf => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let t = self.registers[base + src as usize].type_of();
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::String(t.to_string());
                }
                Op::InstanceOf => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let lhs_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let rhs_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let result = match (
                        &self.registers[base + lhs_r as usize],
                        &self.registers[base + rhs_r as usize],
                    ) {
                        (Value::Object(obj_ref), Value::Function(ctor_ref)) => {
                            gc_instanceof(&self.gc, *obj_ref, *ctor_ref)
                        }
                        (_, Value::Function(_)) => false,
                        _ => {
                            return Err(RuntimeError::type_error(
                                "Right-hand side of instanceof is not callable",
                            ));
                        }
                    };
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Boolean(result);
                }
                Op::In => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let key_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let obj_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let key = self.registers[base + key_r as usize].to_js_string(&self.gc);
                    let result = match self.registers[base + obj_r as usize] {
                        Value::Object(gc_ref) => {
                            Value::Boolean(gc_has_property(&self.gc, gc_ref, &key))
                        }
                        _ => {
                            return Err(RuntimeError::type_error(
                                "Cannot use 'in' operator to search for property in non-object",
                            ));
                        }
                    };
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = result;
                }
                Op::Void => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let _src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Undefined;
                }

                // ── Control flow ───────────────────────────────
                Op::Jump => {
                    let offset = Self::read_i32(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    self.frames[fi].ip = (self.frames[fi].ip as i64 + offset as i64) as usize;
                }
                Op::JumpIfTrue => {
                    let reg = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let offset = Self::read_i32(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    if self.registers[base + reg as usize].to_boolean() {
                        self.frames[fi].ip = (self.frames[fi].ip as i64 + offset as i64) as usize;
                    }
                }
                Op::JumpIfFalse => {
                    let reg = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let offset = Self::read_i32(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    if !self.registers[base + reg as usize].to_boolean() {
                        self.frames[fi].ip = (self.frames[fi].ip as i64 + offset as i64) as usize;
                    }
                }
                Op::JumpIfNullish => {
                    let reg = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let offset = Self::read_i32(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    if self.registers[base + reg as usize].is_nullish() {
                        self.frames[fi].ip = (self.frames[fi].ip as i64 + offset as i64) as usize;
                    }
                }

                // ── Functions / calls ──────────────────────────
                Op::Call => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let func_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let args_start = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let arg_count = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;

                    // Extract function GcRef.
                    let func_gc_ref = match self.registers[base + func_r as usize] {
                        Value::Function(r) => r,
                        _ => {
                            let desc =
                                self.registers[base + func_r as usize].to_js_string(&self.gc);
                            let err = RuntimeError::type_error(format!("{desc} is not a function"));
                            let err_val = err.to_value(&mut self.gc);
                            if !self.handle_exception(err_val) {
                                return Err(err);
                            }
                            continue;
                        }
                    };

                    // Collect arguments.
                    let mut args = Vec::with_capacity(arg_count as usize);
                    for i in 0..arg_count {
                        args.push(self.registers[base + (args_start + i) as usize].clone());
                    }

                    // Read function data from GC (scoped borrow).
                    let call_info = {
                        match self.gc.get(func_gc_ref) {
                            Some(HeapObject::Function(fdata)) => match &fdata.kind {
                                FunctionKind::Native(n) => CallInfo::Native(n.callback),
                                FunctionKind::Bytecode(bc) => {
                                    CallInfo::Bytecode(bc.func.clone(), fdata.upvalues.clone())
                                }
                            },
                            _ => {
                                let err = RuntimeError::type_error("not a function");
                                let err_val = err.to_value(&mut self.gc);
                                if !self.handle_exception(err_val) {
                                    return Err(err);
                                }
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                    };

                    match call_info {
                        CallInfo::Native(callback) => {
                            // Set async resume data if the function has it.
                            if let Some(HeapObject::Function(f)) = self.gc.get(func_gc_ref) {
                                if let Some(prop) = f.properties.get("__async_data__") {
                                    if let Value::Object(data_ref) = &prop.value {
                                        ASYNC_RESUME_DATA.with(|cell| cell.set(Some(*data_ref)));
                                    }
                                }
                            }

                            let this = self
                                .globals
                                .get("this")
                                .cloned()
                                .unwrap_or(Value::Undefined);
                            let mut ctx = NativeContext {
                                gc: &mut self.gc,
                                this,
                                console_output: &*self.console_output,
                            };
                            match callback(&args, &mut ctx) {
                                Ok(val) => {
                                    // Check if this is a generator resume request.
                                    if let Value::Object(r) = &val {
                                        let is_resume = matches!(
                                            gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__generator_resume__"),
                                            Value::Boolean(true)
                                        );
                                        if is_resume {
                                            let gen_ref = match gc_get_property(
                                                &self.gc,
                                                *r,
                                                "__gen_ref__",
                                            ) {
                                                Value::Object(gr) => gr,
                                                _ => {
                                                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] =
                                                        Value::Undefined;
                                                    continue;
                                                }
                                            };
                                            let send_val =
                                                gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__send_value__");
                                            let kind = match gc_get_property(
                                                &self.gc,
                                                *r,
                                                "__resume_kind__",
                                            ) {
                                                Value::String(s) => s,
                                                _ => "next".to_string(),
                                            };

                                            match kind.as_str() {
                                                "next" => {
                                                    match self.run_generator(gen_ref, send_val) {
                                                        Ok(result) => {
                                                            self.registers[base + dst as usize] =
                                                                result;
                                                        }
                                                        Err(err) => {
                                                            let err_val =
                                                                err.to_value(&mut self.gc);
                                                            if !self.handle_exception(err_val) {
                                                                return Err(err);
                                                            }
                                                        }
                                                    }
                                                }
                                                "return" => {
                                                    // Force the generator to complete.
                                                    if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) =
                                                        self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref)
                                                    {
                                                        gen.state = GeneratorState::Completed;
                                                    }
                                                    let result =
                                                        self.make_iterator_result(send_val, true);
                                                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = result;
                                                }
                                                "throw" => {
                                                    // Mark generator as completed and throw.
                                                    if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) =
                                                        self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref)
                                                    {
                                                        gen.state = GeneratorState::Completed;
                                                    }
                                                    if !self.handle_exception(send_val) {
                                                        return Err(RuntimeError::type_error(
                                                            "Generator throw",
                                                        ));
                                                    }
                                                }
                                                _ => {
                                                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] =
                                                        Value::Undefined;
                                                }
                                            }
                                            continue;
                                        }

                                        // Check for async resume marker.
                                        let is_async_resume = matches!(
                                            gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__async_resume__"),
                                            Value::Boolean(true)
                                        );
                                        if is_async_resume {
                                            let ar_gen = match gc_get_property(
                                                &self.gc,
                                                *r,
                                                "__gen_ref__",
                                            ) {
                                                Value::Object(gr) => gr,
                                                _ => {
                                                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] =
                                                        Value::Undefined;
                                                    continue;
                                                }
                                            };
                                            let ar_promise = match gc_get_property(
                                                &self.gc,
                                                *r,
                                                "__result_promise__",
                                            ) {
                                                Value::Object(pr) => pr,
                                                _ => {
                                                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] =
                                                        Value::Undefined;
                                                    continue;
                                                }
                                            };
                                            let ar_throw = matches!(
                                                gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__is_throw__"),
                                                Value::Boolean(true)
                                            );
                                            let ar_value =
                                                gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__value__");
                                            self.drive_async_step(
                                                ar_gen, ar_promise, ar_value, ar_throw,
                                            );
                                            self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Undefined;
                                            continue;
                                        }

                                        // Check for async generator resume marker.
                                        let is_ag_resume = matches!(
                                            gc_get_property(
                                                &self.gc,
                                                *r,
                                                "__async_generator_resume__"
                                            ),
                                            Value::Boolean(true)
                                        );
                                        if is_ag_resume {
                                            let ag_gen = match gc_get_property(
                                                &self.gc,
                                                *r,
                                                "__gen_ref__",
                                            ) {
                                                Value::Object(gr) => gr,
                                                _ => {
                                                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] =
                                                        Value::Undefined;
                                                    continue;
                                                }
                                            };
                                            let ag_send =
                                                gc_get_property(&self.gc, *r, "__send_value__");
                                            let ag_kind = match gc_get_property(
                                                &self.gc,
                                                *r,
                                                "__resume_kind__",
                                            ) {
                                                Value::String(s) => s,
                                                _ => "next".to_string(),
                                            };

                                            let promise =
                                                crate::builtins::create_promise_object_pub(
                                                    &mut self.gc,
                                                );

                                            match ag_kind.as_str() {
                                                "next" => {
                                                    match self.run_generator(ag_gen, ag_send) {
                                                        Ok(iter_result) => {
                                                            crate::builtins::resolve_promise_internal(
                                                                &mut self.gc,
                                                                promise,
                                                                iter_result,
                                                            );
                                                        }
                                                        Err(err) => {
                                                            let reason = err.to_value(&mut self.gc);
                                                            crate::builtins::reject_promise_internal(
                                                                &mut self.gc,
                                                                promise,
                                                                reason,
                                                            );
                                                        }
                                                    }
                                                }
                                                "return" => {
                                                    if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) =
                                                        self.gc.get_mut(ag_gen)
                                                    {
                                                        gen.state = GeneratorState::Completed;
                                                    }
                                                    let result =
                                                        self.make_iterator_result(ag_send, true);
                                                    crate::builtins::resolve_promise_internal(
                                                        &mut self.gc,
                                                        promise,
                                                        result,
                                                    );
                                                }
                                                _ => {}
                                            }
                                            self.registers[base + dst as usize] =
                                                Value::Object(promise);
                                            continue;
                                        }
                                    }
                                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = val;
                                }
                                Err(err) => {
                                    let err_val = err.to_value(&mut self.gc);
                                    if !self.handle_exception(err_val) {
                                        return Err(err);
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        CallInfo::Bytecode(callee_func, callee_upvalues) => {
                            // Async function: create generator + promise, drive async.
                            if callee_func.is_async && !callee_func.is_generator {
                                let gen_ref =
                                    self.create_raw_generator(callee_func, callee_upvalues, &args);
                                let result_promise =
                                    crate::builtins::create_promise_object_pub(&mut self.gc);
                                self.drive_async_step(
                                    gen_ref,
                                    result_promise,
                                    Value::Undefined,
                                    false,
                                );
                                self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Object(result_promise);
                                continue;
                            }

                            // Async generator function: create async generator wrapper.
                            if callee_func.is_async && callee_func.is_generator {
                                let gen_ref =
                                    self.create_raw_generator(callee_func, callee_upvalues, &args);
                                let wrapper = self.create_async_generator_wrapper(gen_ref);
                                self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Object(wrapper);
                                continue;
                            }

                            // Generator function: create a generator object instead of executing.
                            if callee_func.is_generator {
                                let gen_obj = self.create_generator_object(
                                    callee_func,
                                    callee_upvalues,
                                    &args,
                                );
                                self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Object(gen_obj);
                                continue;
                            }

                            if self.frames.len() >= MAX_CALL_DEPTH {
                                let err =
                                    RuntimeError::range_error("Maximum call stack size exceeded");
                                let err_val = err.to_value(&mut self.gc);
                                if !self.handle_exception(err_val) {
                                    return Err(err);
                                }
                                continue;
                            }

                            let callee_base = base + self.frames[fi].func.register_count as usize;
                            let callee_regs = callee_func.register_count as usize;
                            self.ensure_registers(callee_base + callee_regs);

                            // Copy arguments into callee's registers.
                            for i in 0..callee_func.param_count.min(arg_count) {
                                self.registers[callee_base + i as usize] = args[i as usize].clone();
                            }
                            // Fill remaining params with undefined.
                            for i in arg_count..callee_func.param_count {
                                self.registers[callee_base + i as usize] = Value::Undefined;
                            }

                            self.frames.push(CallFrame {
                                func: callee_func,
                                ip: 0,
                                base: callee_base,
                                return_reg: base + dst as usize,
                                exception_handlers: Vec::new(),
                                upvalues: callee_upvalues,
                            });
                        }
                    }
                }
                Op::Return => {
                    let reg = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let val = self.registers[base + reg as usize].clone();

                    if self.frames.len() == 1 {
                        self.frames.pop();
                        return Ok(val);
                    }

                    let old = self.frames.pop().unwrap();
                    self.registers[old.return_reg] = val;
                }
                Op::Throw => {
                    let reg = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let val = self.registers[base + reg as usize].clone();

                    if !self.handle_exception(val) {
                        let msg = self.registers[base + reg as usize].to_js_string(&self.gc);
                        return Err(RuntimeError {
                            kind: ErrorKind::Error,
                            message: msg,
                        });
                    }
                }
                Op::CreateClosure => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let func_idx = Self::read_u16(&mut self.frames[fi]) as usize;
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let inner_func = self.frames[fi].func.functions[func_idx].clone();
                    let name = inner_func.name.clone();

                    // Resolve upvalues from the parent scope.
                    let mut upvalues = Vec::with_capacity(inner_func.upvalue_defs.len());
                    for def in &inner_func.upvalue_defs {
                        let cell_ref = if def.is_local {
                            // Parent has a cell in register `def.index`.
                            match &self.registers[base + def.index as usize] {
                                Value::Object(r) => *r,
                                _ => {
                                    return Err(RuntimeError {
                                        kind: ErrorKind::Error,
                                        message:
                                            "CreateClosure: upvalue register does not hold a cell"
                                                .into(),
                                    });
                                }
                            }
                        } else {
                            // Transitive: parent's own upvalue at `def.index`.
                            self.frames[fi].upvalues[def.index as usize]
                        };
                        upvalues.push(cell_ref);
                    }

                    // Create a .prototype object for the function (for instanceof).
                    let proto_obj = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(ObjectData::new()));
                    let gc_ref = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
                        name,
                        kind: FunctionKind::Bytecode(BytecodeFunc { func: inner_func }),
                        prototype_obj: Some(proto_obj),
                        properties: HashMap::new(),
                        upvalues,
                    })));
                    // Set .prototype.constructor = this function.
                    if let Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) = self.gc.get_mut(proto_obj) {
                        data.properties.insert(
                            "constructor".to_string(),
                            Property {
                                value: Value::Function(gc_ref),
                                writable: true,
                                enumerable: false,
                                configurable: true,
                            },
                        );
                    }
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Function(gc_ref);

                    // Trigger GC if needed.
                    if self.gc.should_collect() {
                        let roots = self.collect_roots();
                        self.gc.collect(&roots);
                    }
                }

                // ── Object / property ──────────────────────────
                Op::GetProperty => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let obj_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let key_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let key = self.registers[base + key_r as usize].to_js_string(&self.gc);
                    let val = match self.registers[base + obj_r as usize] {
                        Value::Object(gc_ref) | Value::Function(gc_ref) => {
                            gc_get_property(&self.gc, gc_ref, &key)
                        }
                        Value::String(ref s) => {
                            let v = string_get_property(s, &key);
                            if matches!(v, Value::Undefined) {
                                self.string_prototype
                                    .map(|p| gc_get_property(&self.gc, p, &key))
                                    .unwrap_or(Value::Undefined)
                            } else {
                                v
                            }
                        }
                        Value::Number(_) => self
                            .number_prototype
                            .map(|p| gc_get_property(&self.gc, p, &key))
                            .unwrap_or(Value::Undefined),
                        Value::Boolean(_) => self
                            .boolean_prototype
                            .map(|p| gc_get_property(&self.gc, p, &key))
                            .unwrap_or(Value::Undefined),
                        _ => Value::Undefined,
                    };
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = val;
                }
                Op::SetProperty => {
                    let obj_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let key_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let val_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let key = self.registers[base + key_r as usize].to_js_string(&self.gc);
                    let val = self.registers[base + val_r as usize].clone();
                    match self.registers[base + obj_r as usize] {
                        Value::Object(gc_ref) => {
                            if let Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) = self.gc.get_mut(gc_ref) {
                                if let Some(prop) = data.properties.get_mut(&key) {
                                    if prop.writable {
                                        prop.value = val;
                                    }
                                } else {
                                    data.properties.insert(key, Property::data(val));
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        Value::Function(gc_ref) => {
                            if let Some(HeapObject::Function(fdata)) = self.gc.get_mut(gc_ref) {
                                if let Some(prop) = fdata.properties.get_mut(&key) {
                                    if prop.writable {
                                        prop.value = val;
                                    }
                                } else {
                                    fdata.properties.insert(key, Property::data(val));
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        _ => {}
                    }
                }
                Op::CreateObject => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
                    obj.prototype = self.object_prototype;
                    let gc_ref = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Object(gc_ref);

                    if self.gc.should_collect() {
                        let roots = self.collect_roots();
                        self.gc.collect(&roots);
                    }
                }
                Op::CreateArray => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
                    obj.prototype = self.array_prototype;
                    obj.properties.insert(
                        "length".to_string(),
                        Property {
                            value: Value::Number(0.0),
                            writable: true,
                            enumerable: false,
                            configurable: false,
                        },
                    );
                    let gc_ref = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Object(gc_ref);

                    if self.gc.should_collect() {
                        let roots = self.collect_roots();
                        self.gc.collect(&roots);
                    }
                }
                Op::GetPropertyByName => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let obj_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let name_idx = Self::read_u16(&mut self.frames[fi]) as usize;
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let key = self.frames[fi].func.names[name_idx].clone();
                    let val = match self.registers[base + obj_r as usize] {
                        Value::Object(gc_ref) | Value::Function(gc_ref) => {
                            gc_get_property(&self.gc, gc_ref, &key)
                        }
                        Value::String(ref s) => {
                            let v = string_get_property(s, &key);
                            if matches!(v, Value::Undefined) {
                                self.string_prototype
                                    .map(|p| gc_get_property(&self.gc, p, &key))
                                    .unwrap_or(Value::Undefined)
                            } else {
                                v
                            }
                        }
                        Value::Number(_) => self
                            .number_prototype
                            .map(|p| gc_get_property(&self.gc, p, &key))
                            .unwrap_or(Value::Undefined),
                        Value::Boolean(_) => self
                            .boolean_prototype
                            .map(|p| gc_get_property(&self.gc, p, &key))
                            .unwrap_or(Value::Undefined),
                        _ => Value::Undefined,
                    };
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = val;
                }
                Op::SetPropertyByName => {
                    let obj_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let name_idx = Self::read_u16(&mut self.frames[fi]) as usize;
                    let val_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let key = self.frames[fi].func.names[name_idx].clone();
                    let val = self.registers[base + val_r as usize].clone();
                    match self.registers[base + obj_r as usize] {
                        Value::Object(gc_ref) => {
                            if let Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) = self.gc.get_mut(gc_ref) {
                                if let Some(prop) = data.properties.get_mut(&key) {
                                    if prop.writable {
                                        prop.value = val;
                                    }
                                } else {
                                    data.properties.insert(key, Property::data(val));
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        Value::Function(gc_ref) => {
                            if let Some(HeapObject::Function(fdata)) = self.gc.get_mut(gc_ref) {
                                if let Some(prop) = fdata.properties.get_mut(&key) {
                                    if prop.writable {
                                        prop.value = val;
                                    }
                                } else {
                                    fdata.properties.insert(key, Property::data(val));
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        _ => {}
                    }
                }

                // ── Misc ───────────────────────────────────────
                Op::Delete => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let obj_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let key_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let key = self.registers[base + key_r as usize].to_js_string(&self.gc);
                    let result =
                        if let Value::Object(gc_ref) = self.registers[base + obj_r as usize] {
                            if let Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) = self.gc.get_mut(gc_ref) {
                                match data.properties.get(&key) {
                                    Some(prop) if !prop.configurable => false,
                                    Some(_) => {
                                        data.properties.remove(&key);
                                        true
                                    }
                                    None => true,
                                }
                            } else {
                                true
                            }
                        } else {
                            true
                        };
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Boolean(result);
                }
                Op::ForInInit => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let obj_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let keys = match self.registers[base + obj_r as usize] {
                        Value::Object(gc_ref) => gc_enumerate_keys(&self.gc, gc_ref),
                        _ => Vec::new(),
                    };
                    // Store keys as an array object.
                    let mut arr = ObjectData::new();
                    for (i, key) in keys.iter().enumerate() {
                        arr.properties
                            .insert(i.to_string(), Property::data(Value::String(key.clone())));
                    }
                    arr.properties.insert(
                        "length".to_string(),
                        Property {
                            value: Value::Number(keys.len() as f64),
                            writable: true,
                            enumerable: false,
                            configurable: false,
                        },
                    );
                    let gc_ref = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(arr));
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Object(gc_ref);
                }
                Op::ForInNext => {
                    let dst_val = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let dst_done = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let keys_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let idx_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let idx = self.registers[base + idx_r as usize].to_number() as usize;
                    let len = match self.registers[base + keys_r as usize] {
                        Value::Object(gc_ref) => {
                            gc_get_property(&self.gc, gc_ref, "length").to_number() as usize
                        }
                        _ => 0,
                    };
                    if idx >= len {
                        self.registers[base + dst_done as usize] = Value::Boolean(true);
                        self.registers[base + dst_val as usize] = Value::Undefined;
                    } else {
                        let key_str = idx.to_string();
                        let key = match self.registers[base + keys_r as usize] {
                            Value::Object(gc_ref) => gc_get_property(&self.gc, gc_ref, &key_str),
                            _ => Value::Undefined,
                        };
                        self.registers[base + dst_val as usize] = key;
                        self.registers[base + dst_done as usize] = Value::Boolean(false);
                    }
                }
                Op::SetPrototype => {
                    let obj_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let proto_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let proto = match &self.registers[base + proto_r as usize] {
                        Value::Object(r) => Some(*r),
                        Value::Null => None,
                        _ => None,
                    };
                    if let Value::Object(gc_ref) = self.registers[base + obj_r as usize] {
                        if let Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) = self.gc.get_mut(gc_ref) {
                            data.prototype = proto;
                        }
                    }
                }
                Op::GetPrototype => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let obj_r = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let proto = match self.registers[base + obj_r as usize] {
                        Value::Object(gc_ref) => match self.gc.get(gc_ref) {
                            Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) => {
                                data.prototype.map(Value::Object).unwrap_or(Value::Null)
                            }
                            _ => Value::Null,
                        },
                        _ => Value::Null,
                    };
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = proto;
                }

                // ── Exception handling ─────────────────────────────
                Op::PushExceptionHandler => {
                    let catch_reg = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let offset = Self::read_i32(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let catch_ip = (self.frames[fi].ip as i32 + offset) as usize;
                    self.frames[fi].exception_handlers.push(ExceptionHandler {
                        catch_ip,
                        catch_reg,
                    });
                }
                Op::PopExceptionHandler => {
                    self.frames[fi].exception_handlers.pop();
                }

                // ── Closure / upvalue ops ─────────────────────────
                Op::NewCell => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let cell = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Cell(Value::Undefined));
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = Value::Object(cell);

                    if self.gc.should_collect() {
                        let roots = self.collect_roots();
                        self.gc.collect(&roots);
                    }
                }
                Op::CellLoad => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let cell_reg = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let cell_ref = match &self.registers[base + cell_reg as usize] {
                        Value::Object(r) => *r,
                        _ => {
                            return Err(RuntimeError {
                                kind: ErrorKind::Error,
                                message: "CellLoad: register does not hold a cell".into(),
                            });
                        }
                    };
                    let val = match self.gc.get(cell_ref) {
                        Some(HeapObject::Cell(v)) => v.clone(),
                        _ => Value::Undefined,
                    };
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = val;
                }
                Op::CellStore => {
                    let cell_reg = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let cell_ref = match &self.registers[base + cell_reg as usize] {
                        Value::Object(r) => *r,
                        _ => {
                            return Err(RuntimeError {
                                kind: ErrorKind::Error,
                                message: "CellStore: register does not hold a cell".into(),
                            });
                        }
                    };
                    let val = self.registers[base + src as usize].clone();
                    if let Some(HeapObject::Cell(cell_val)) = self.gc.get_mut(cell_ref) {
                        *cell_val = val;
                    }
                }
                Op::LoadUpvalue => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let idx = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]) as usize;
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let cell_ref = self.frames[fi].upvalues[idx];
                    let val = match self.gc.get(cell_ref) {
                        Some(HeapObject::Cell(v)) => v.clone(),
                        _ => Value::Undefined,
                    };
                    self.registers[base + dst as usize] = val;
                }
                Op::StoreUpvalue => {
                    let idx = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]) as usize;
                    let src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let val = self.registers[base + src as usize].clone();
                    let cell_ref = self.frames[fi].upvalues[idx];
                    if let Some(HeapObject::Cell(cell_val)) = self.gc.get_mut(cell_ref) {
                        *cell_val = val;
                    }
                }

                // ── Iterator / generator ─────────────────────────
                Op::Yield => {
                    let _dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let yield_val = self.registers[base + src as usize].clone();

                    // Save the generator's state.
                    let frame = &self.frames[fi];
                    let gen_ref = match self.registers.get(frame.return_reg) {
                        Some(Value::Object(r)) => *r,
                        _ => {
                            return Err(RuntimeError {
                                kind: ErrorKind::Error,
                                message: "Yield outside generator".into(),
                            });
                        }
                    };

                    // Save registers and IP into the generator object.
                    let saved_ip = self.frames[fi].ip;
                    let saved_base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let reg_count = self.frames[fi].func.register_count as usize;
                    let saved_regs: Vec<Value> =
                        self.registers[saved_base..saved_base + reg_count].to_vec();

                    // Save exception handlers as (catch_ip, catch_reg) pairs.
                    let saved_handlers: Vec<(usize, Reg)> = self.frames[fi]
                        .exception_handlers
                        .iter()
                        .map(|h| (h.catch_ip, h.catch_reg))
                        .collect();

                    if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
                        gen.ip = saved_ip;
                        gen.registers = saved_regs;
                        gen.state = GeneratorState::Suspended;
                        gen.exception_handlers = saved_handlers;
                    }

                    // Pop the generator frame.
                    self.frames.pop();

                    // Create {value, done: false} result.
                    let result = self.make_iterator_result(yield_val, false);

                    // Generators always run via run_generator which uses an isolated
                    // frame stack. After Yield pops the generator frame, the stack is
                    // empty and we return the {value, done} result to run_generator.
                    return Ok(result);
                }

                // Await works identically to Yield at the opcode level: save state and
                // suspend.  The async driver (not the generator protocol) handles resume.
                Op::Await => {
                    let _dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let await_val = self.registers[base + src as usize].clone();

                    // Save the generator's state (same as Yield).
                    let frame = &self.frames[fi];
                    let gen_ref = match self.registers.get(frame.return_reg) {
                        Some(Value::Object(r)) => *r,
                        _ => {
                            return Err(RuntimeError {
                                kind: ErrorKind::Error,
                                message: "Await outside async function".into(),
                            });
                        }
                    };

                    let saved_ip = self.frames[fi].ip;
                    let saved_base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let reg_count = self.frames[fi].func.register_count as usize;
                    let saved_regs: Vec<Value> =
                        self.registers[saved_base..saved_base + reg_count].to_vec();

                    let saved_handlers: Vec<(usize, Reg)> = self.frames[fi]
                        .exception_handlers
                        .iter()
                        .map(|h| (h.catch_ip, h.catch_reg))
                        .collect();

                    if let Some(HeapObject::Generator(gen)) = self.gc.get_mut(gen_ref) {
                        gen.ip = saved_ip;
                        gen.registers = saved_regs;
                        gen.state = GeneratorState::Suspended;
                        gen.exception_handlers = saved_handlers;
                    }

                    self.frames.pop();

                    let result = self.make_iterator_result(await_val, false);
                    return Ok(result);
                }

                Op::Spread => {
                    let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let src = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]);
                    let base = self.frames[fi].base;
                    let iterable = self.registers[base + src as usize].clone();

                    // Get the iterator from the iterable.
                    let iterator = self.get_iterator(&iterable)?;

                    // Iterate and push each element into the dst array.
                    loop {
                        let (value, done) = self.iterator_next(&iterator)?;
                        if done {
                            break;
                        }
                        // Push value into dst array.
                        let dst_ref = match self.registers[base + dst as usize] {
                            Value::Object(r) => r,
                            _ => break,
                        };
                        if let Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) = self.gc.get_mut(dst_ref) {
                            let len = match data.properties.get("length") {
                                Some(prop) => prop.value.to_number() as usize,
                                None => 0,
                            };
                            data.properties
                                .insert(len.to_string(), Property::data(value));
                            data.properties.insert(
                                "length".to_string(),
                                Property {
                                    value: Value::Number((len + 1) as f64),
                                    writable: true,
                                    enumerable: false,
                                    configurable: false,
                                },
                            );
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Read 3 register operands and return (dst, lhs, rhs, base) as usize indices.
    fn read_3reg(&mut self, fi: usize) -> (usize, usize, usize, usize) {
        let dst = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]) as usize;
        let lhs = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]) as usize;
        let rhs = Self::read_u8(&mut self.frames[fi]) as usize;
        let base = self.frames[fi].base;
        (dst, lhs, rhs, base)
    }

    /// Try to find an exception handler on the call stack.
    /// Returns true if a handler was found (execution resumes there).
    fn handle_exception(&mut self, value: Value) -> bool {
        while let Some(frame) = self.frames.last_mut() {
            if let Some(handler) = frame.exception_handlers.pop() {
                let base = frame.base;
                frame.ip = handler.catch_ip;
                self.registers[base + handler.catch_reg as usize] = value;
                return true;
            }
            if self.frames.len() == 1 {
                break;
            }
            self.frames.pop();
        }
        false
    }

    /// Register a native function as a global.
    pub fn define_native(
        &mut self,
        name: &str,
        callback: fn(&[Value], &mut NativeContext) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError>,
    ) {
        let gc_ref = self.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
            name: name.to_string(),
            kind: FunctionKind::Native(NativeFunc { callback }),
            prototype_obj: None,
            properties: HashMap::new(),
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        })));
        self.globals
            .insert(name.to_string(), Value::Function(gc_ref));
    }

    /// Get a global variable value.
    pub fn get_global(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Value> {
        self.globals.get(name)
    }

    /// Set a global variable.
    pub fn set_global(&mut self, name: &str, val: Value) {
        self.globals.insert(name.to_string(), val);
    }
}

impl Default for Vm {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

/// Internal enum to avoid holding a GC borrow across the call setup.
enum CallInfo {
    Native(fn(&[Value], &mut NativeContext) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError>),
    Bytecode(Function, Vec<GcRef>),
}

// ── Generator native callbacks ──────────────────────────────

/// Native callback for generator.next(value).
/// `this` is the generator wrapper object containing __gen__.
fn generator_next(args: &[Value], ctx: &mut NativeContext) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
    // The generator wrapper stores the actual generator as __gen__.
    let gen_ref = match &ctx.this {
        Value::Object(r) => match gc_get_property(ctx.gc, *r, "__gen__") {
            Value::Object(gen_r) => gen_r,
            _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not a generator")),
        },
        _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not a generator")),
    };

    let send_value = args.first().cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Undefined);

    // We can't call run_generator from a NativeContext since we only have &mut Gc.
    // Instead, store the request and let the caller handle it.
    // This is a limitation — we need to restructure.
    // For now, use a different approach: store the gen_ref and value in a special
    // return value that the VM intercepts.
    // Actually, generator.next() needs to be handled specially by the VM.
    // Let's return a sentinel that the VM's call handling can detect.

    // Store gen_ref and send_value for the VM to process.
    // We use a special object with __generator_resume__ marker.
    let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__generator_resume__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::Boolean(true)),
    );
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__gen_ref__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::Object(gen_ref)),
    );
    obj.properties
        .insert("__send_value__".to_string(), Property::builtin(send_value));
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__resume_kind__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::String("next".to_string())),
    );
    let r = ctx.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));
    Ok(Value::Object(r))
}

/// Native callback for generator.return(value).
fn generator_return(args: &[Value], ctx: &mut NativeContext) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
    let gen_ref = match &ctx.this {
        Value::Object(r) => match gc_get_property(ctx.gc, *r, "__gen__") {
            Value::Object(gen_r) => gen_r,
            _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not a generator")),
        },
        _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not a generator")),
    };

    let return_value = args.first().cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Undefined);

    let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__generator_resume__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::Boolean(true)),
    );
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__gen_ref__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::Object(gen_ref)),
    );
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__send_value__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(return_value),
    );
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__resume_kind__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::String("return".to_string())),
    );
    let r = ctx.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));
    Ok(Value::Object(r))
}

/// Native callback for generator.throw(error).
fn generator_throw(args: &[Value], ctx: &mut NativeContext) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
    let gen_ref = match &ctx.this {
        Value::Object(r) => match gc_get_property(ctx.gc, *r, "__gen__") {
            Value::Object(gen_r) => gen_r,
            _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not a generator")),
        },
        _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not a generator")),
    };

    let error_value = args.first().cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Undefined);

    let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__generator_resume__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::Boolean(true)),
    );
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__gen_ref__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::Object(gen_ref)),
    );
    obj.properties
        .insert("__send_value__".to_string(), Property::builtin(error_value));
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__resume_kind__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::String("throw".to_string())),
    );
    let r = ctx.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));
    Ok(Value::Object(r))
}

/// Native callback for generator[Symbol.iterator]() — returns `this`.
fn generator_symbol_iterator(
    _args: &[Value],
    ctx: &mut NativeContext,
) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
    Ok(ctx.this.clone())
}

// ── Async function native callbacks ──────────────────────────

/// Native callback for async function resume. Called from microtask drain.
/// Returns a marker object with `__async_resume__` so the VM can detect it
/// and call `drive_async_step`.
///
/// The resume data (gen_ref, result_promise, is_throw) is stored on the
/// function's `__async_data__` property. The VM extracts it into the
/// `ASYNC_RESUME_DATA` thread-local before invoking this callback.
fn async_resume_callback(args: &[Value], ctx: &mut NativeContext) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
    let value = args.first().cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Undefined);
    let data_ref = ASYNC_RESUME_DATA.with(|cell| cell.take());
    if let Some(data) = data_ref {
        let gen_ref = match gc_get_property(ctx.gc, data, "__gen_ref__") {
            Value::Object(r) => r,
            _ => return Ok(value),
        };
        let result_promise = match gc_get_property(ctx.gc, data, "__result_promise__") {
            Value::Object(r) => r,
            _ => return Ok(value),
        };
        let is_throw = matches!(
            gc_get_property(ctx.gc, data, "__is_throw__"),
            Value::Boolean(true)
        );

        // Return a marker for the VM to detect.
        let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
        obj.properties.insert(
            "__async_resume__".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Boolean(true)),
        );
        obj.properties.insert(
            "__gen_ref__".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Object(gen_ref)),
        );
        obj.properties.insert(
            "__result_promise__".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Object(result_promise)),
        );
        obj.properties.insert(
            "__is_throw__".to_string(),
            Property::builtin(Value::Boolean(is_throw)),
        );
        obj.properties
            .insert("__value__".to_string(), Property::builtin(value));
        let r = ctx.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));
        Ok(Value::Object(r))
    } else {
        Ok(value)
    }
}

thread_local! {
    static ASYNC_RESUME_DATA: std::cell::Cell<Option<GcRef>> = const { std::cell::Cell::new(None) };
}

/// Native callback for async generator `.next(value)`.
fn async_generator_next(args: &[Value], ctx: &mut NativeContext) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
    let gen_ref = match &ctx.this {
        Value::Object(r) => match gc_get_property(ctx.gc, *r, "__gen__") {
            Value::Object(gen_r) => gen_r,
            _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not an async generator")),
        },
        _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not an async generator")),
    };

    let send_value = args.first().cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Undefined);

    // Return a marker for the VM to handle.
    let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__async_generator_resume__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::Boolean(true)),
    );
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__gen_ref__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::Object(gen_ref)),
    );
    obj.properties
        .insert("__send_value__".to_string(), Property::builtin(send_value));
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__resume_kind__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::String("next".to_string())),
    );
    let r = ctx.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));
    Ok(Value::Object(r))
}

/// Native callback for async generator `.return(value)`.
fn async_generator_return(args: &[Value], ctx: &mut NativeContext) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
    let gen_ref = match &ctx.this {
        Value::Object(r) => match gc_get_property(ctx.gc, *r, "__gen__") {
            Value::Object(gen_r) => gen_r,
            _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not an async generator")),
        },
        _ => return Err(RuntimeError::type_error("not an async generator")),
    };

    let return_value = args.first().cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Undefined);

    let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__async_generator_resume__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::Boolean(true)),
    );
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__gen_ref__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::Object(gen_ref)),
    );
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__send_value__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(return_value),
    );
    obj.properties.insert(
        "__resume_kind__".to_string(),
        Property::builtin(Value::String("return".to_string())),
    );
    let r = ctx.gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));
    Ok(Value::Object(r))
}

// ── Tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::bytecode::{BytecodeBuilder, Constant, Op};
    use crate::compiler;
    use crate::parser::Parser;

    /// Helper: compile and execute JS source, return the completion value.
    fn eval(source: &str) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
        let program = Parser::parse(source).expect("parse failed");
        let func = compiler::compile(&program).expect("compile failed");
        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        vm.execute(&func)
    }

    // ── Value tests ─────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_to_boolean() {
        let mut gc: Gc<HeapObject> = Gc::new();
        assert!(!Value::Undefined.to_boolean());
        assert!(!Value::Null.to_boolean());
        assert!(!Value::Boolean(false).to_boolean());
        assert!(Value::Boolean(true).to_boolean());
        assert!(!Value::Number(0.0).to_boolean());
        assert!(!Value::Number(f64::NAN).to_boolean());
        assert!(Value::Number(1.0).to_boolean());
        assert!(!Value::String(String::new()).to_boolean());
        assert!(Value::String("hello".to_string()).to_boolean());
        let obj_ref = gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(ObjectData::new()));
        assert!(Value::Object(obj_ref).to_boolean());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_number() {
        assert!(Value::Undefined.to_number().is_nan());
        assert_eq!(Value::Null.to_number(), 0.0);
        assert_eq!(Value::Boolean(true).to_number(), 1.0);
        assert_eq!(Value::Boolean(false).to_number(), 0.0);
        assert_eq!(Value::Number(42.0).to_number(), 42.0);
        assert_eq!(Value::String("42".to_string()).to_number(), 42.0);
        assert_eq!(Value::String("".to_string()).to_number(), 0.0);
        assert!(Value::String("abc".to_string()).to_number().is_nan());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_type_of() {
        let mut gc: Gc<HeapObject> = Gc::new();
        assert_eq!(Value::Undefined.type_of(), "undefined");
        assert_eq!(Value::Null.type_of(), "object");
        assert_eq!(Value::Boolean(true).type_of(), "boolean");
        assert_eq!(Value::Number(1.0).type_of(), "number");
        assert_eq!(Value::String("hi".to_string()).type_of(), "string");
        let obj_ref = gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(ObjectData::new()));
        assert_eq!(Value::Object(obj_ref).type_of(), "object");
    }

    // ── VM bytecode-level tests ─────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_load_const_number() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 1;
        let ci = b.add_constant(Constant::Number(42.0));
        b.emit_reg_u16(Op::LoadConst, 0, ci);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 0);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        let result = vm.execute(&func).unwrap();
        match result {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            _ => panic!("expected Number, got {result:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arithmetic_ops() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 3;
        let c10 = b.add_constant(Constant::Number(10.0));
        let c3 = b.add_constant(Constant::Number(3.0));
        b.emit_reg_u16(Op::LoadConst, 0, c10);
        b.emit_reg_u16(Op::LoadConst, 1, c3);
        b.emit_reg3(Op::Add, 2, 0, 1);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 2);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        match vm.execute(&func).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 13.0),
            v => panic!("expected 13, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_concat() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 3;
        let c1 = b.add_constant(Constant::String("hello".into()));
        let c2 = b.add_constant(Constant::String(" world".into()));
        b.emit_reg_u16(Op::LoadConst, 0, c1);
        b.emit_reg_u16(Op::LoadConst, 1, c2);
        b.emit_reg3(Op::Add, 2, 0, 1);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 2);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        match vm.execute(&func).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello world"),
            v => panic!("expected string, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_jump_if_false() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 2;
        b.emit_reg(Op::LoadFalse, 0);
        let patch = b.emit_cond_jump(Op::JumpIfFalse, 0);
        b.emit_load_int8(1, 1);
        let skip = b.emit_jump(Op::Jump);
        b.patch_jump(patch);
        b.emit_load_int8(1, 2);
        b.patch_jump(skip);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 1);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        match vm.execute(&func).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_globals() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 2;
        let name = b.add_name("x");
        b.emit_load_int8(0, 42);
        b.emit_store_global(name, 0);
        b.emit_load_global(1, name);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 1);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        match vm.execute(&func).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_function_call() {
        let mut inner_b = BytecodeBuilder::new("add1".into(), 1);
        inner_b.func.register_count = 2;
        inner_b.emit_load_int8(1, 1);
        inner_b.emit_reg3(Op::Add, 0, 0, 1);
        inner_b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 0);
        let inner = inner_b.finish();

        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 4;
        let fi = b.add_function(inner);
        b.emit_reg_u16(Op::CreateClosure, 0, fi);
        b.emit_load_int8(1, 10);
        b.emit_call(2, 0, 1, 1);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 2);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        match vm.execute(&func).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 11.0),
            v => panic!("expected 11, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_native_function() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 3;
        let name = b.add_name("double");
        b.emit_load_global(0, name);
        b.emit_load_int8(1, 21);
        b.emit_call(2, 0, 1, 1);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 2);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        vm.define_native("double", |args, _ctx| {
            let n = args.first().unwrap_or(&Value::Undefined).to_number();
            Ok(Value::Number(n * 2.0))
        });
        match vm.execute(&func).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_object_property() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 3;
        let name = b.add_name("x");
        b.emit_reg(Op::CreateObject, 0);
        b.emit_load_int8(1, 42);
        b.emit_set_prop_name(0, name, 1);
        b.emit_get_prop_name(2, 0, name);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 2);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        match vm.execute(&func).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_typeof_operator() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 2;
        b.emit_load_int8(0, 5);
        b.emit_reg_reg(Op::TypeOf, 1, 0);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 1);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        match vm.execute(&func).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "number"),
            v => panic!("expected 'number', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_comparison() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 3;
        b.emit_load_int8(0, 5);
        b.emit_load_int8(1, 10);
        b.emit_reg3(Op::LessThan, 2, 0, 1);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 2);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        match vm.execute(&func).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_abstract_equality() {
        assert!(abstract_eq(&Value::Null, &Value::Undefined));
        assert!(abstract_eq(&Value::Undefined, &Value::Null));
        assert!(abstract_eq(
            &Value::Number(1.0),
            &Value::String("1".to_string())
        ));
        assert!(abstract_eq(&Value::Boolean(true), &Value::Number(1.0)));
        assert!(!abstract_eq(&Value::Number(0.0), &Value::Null));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_strict_equality() {
        assert!(strict_eq(&Value::Number(1.0), &Value::Number(1.0)));
        assert!(!strict_eq(
            &Value::Number(1.0),
            &Value::String("1".to_string())
        ));
        assert!(strict_eq(&Value::Null, &Value::Null));
        assert!(!strict_eq(&Value::Null, &Value::Undefined));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitwise_ops() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 3;
        b.emit_load_int8(0, 0x0F);
        b.emit_load_int8(1, 0x03);
        b.emit_reg3(Op::BitAnd, 2, 0, 1);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 2);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        match vm.execute(&func).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_throw_uncaught() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 1;
        let ci = b.add_constant(Constant::String("oops".into()));
        b.emit_reg_u16(Op::LoadConst, 0, ci);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Throw, 0);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        let err = vm.execute(&func).unwrap_err();
        assert_eq!(err.message, "oops");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_loop_counting() {
        let mut b = BytecodeBuilder::new("<test>".into(), 0);
        b.func.register_count = 3;
        b.emit_load_int8(0, 0);
        b.emit_load_int8(1, 5);
        let loop_start = b.offset();
        b.emit_reg3(Op::LessThan, 2, 0, 1);
        let exit_patch = b.emit_cond_jump(Op::JumpIfFalse, 2);
        b.emit_load_int8(2, 1);
        b.emit_reg3(Op::Add, 0, 0, 2);
        b.emit_jump_to(loop_start);
        b.patch_jump(exit_patch);
        b.emit_reg(Op::Return, 0);
        let func = b.finish();

        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        match vm.execute(&func).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 5.0),
            v => panic!("expected 5, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── End-to-end (compile + execute) tests ────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_arithmetic() {
        match eval("2 + 3 * 4").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 14.0),
            v => panic!("expected 14, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_variables() {
        match eval("var x = 10; var y = 20; x + y").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 30.0),
            v => panic!("expected 30, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_if_else() {
        match eval("var x = 5; if (x > 3) { x = 100; } x").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 100.0),
            v => panic!("expected 100, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_while_loop() {
        match eval("var i = 0; var sum = 0; while (i < 10) { sum = sum + i; i = i + 1; } sum")
            .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 45.0),
            v => panic!("expected 45, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_function_call() {
        match eval("function add(a, b) { return a + b; } add(3, 4)").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 7.0),
            v => panic!("expected 7, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_recursive_factorial() {
        let src = r#"
            function fact(n) {
                if (n <= 1) return 1;
                return n * fact(n - 1);
            }
            fact(6)
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 720.0),
            v => panic!("expected 720, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_string_concat() {
        match eval("'hello' + ' ' + 'world'").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello world"),
            v => panic!("expected 'hello world', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_comparison_coercion() {
        match eval("1 == '1'").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("1 === '1'").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_typeof() {
        match eval("typeof 42").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "number"),
            v => panic!("expected 'number', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("typeof 'hello'").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "string"),
            v => panic!("expected 'string', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_object_literal() {
        match eval("var o = { x: 10, y: 20 }; o.x + o.y").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 30.0),
            v => panic!("expected 30, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_for_loop() {
        match eval("var s = 0; for (var i = 0; i < 5; i = i + 1) { s = s + i; } s").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 10.0),
            v => panic!("expected 10, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_nested_functions() {
        // Note: closures (capturing parent scope vars) not yet supported.
        // This test verifies nested function declarations and calls work.
        let src = r#"
            function outer(x) {
                function inner(y) {
                    return y + 1;
                }
                return inner(x);
            }
            outer(5)
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 6.0),
            v => panic!("expected 6, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_logical_operators() {
        match eval("true && false").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("false || true").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_unary_neg() {
        match eval("-(5 + 3)").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, -8.0),
            v => panic!("expected -8, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_ternary() {
        match eval("true ? 1 : 2").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 1.0),
            v => panic!("expected 1, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("false ? 1 : 2").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_fibonacci() {
        let src = r#"
            function fib(n) {
                if (n <= 1) return n;
                return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
            }
            fib(10)
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 55.0),
            v => panic!("expected 55, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── GC integration tests ────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_gc_object_survives_collection() {
        let src = r#"
            var o = { x: 42 };
            o.x
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gc_many_objects() {
        // Allocate many objects to trigger GC threshold.
        let src = r#"
            var sum = 0;
            var i = 0;
            while (i < 100) {
                var o = { val: i };
                sum = sum + o.val;
                i = i + 1;
            }
            sum
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 4950.0),
            v => panic!("expected 4950, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gc_reference_identity() {
        // With GC, object assignment is by reference.
        let mut gc: Gc<HeapObject> = Gc::new();
        let r = gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(ObjectData::new()));
        let a = Value::Object(r);
        let b = a.clone();
        assert!(strict_eq(&a, &b)); // Same GcRef → strict equal.
    }

    // ── Object model tests ──────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_prototype_chain_lookup() {
        // Property lookup walks the prototype chain.
        let src = r#"
            function Animal() {}
            var a = {};
            a.sound = "woof";
            a.sound
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "woof"),
            v => panic!("expected 'woof', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_typeof_all_types() {
        // typeof returns correct strings for all types.
        let cases = [
            ("typeof undefined", "undefined"),
            ("typeof null", "object"),
            ("typeof true", "boolean"),
            ("typeof 42", "number"),
            ("typeof 'hello'", "string"),
            ("typeof {}", "object"),
            ("typeof function(){}", "function"),
        ];
        for (src, expected) in cases {
            match eval(src).unwrap() {
                Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, expected, "typeof failed for: {src}"),
                v => panic!("expected string for {src}, got {v:?}"),
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_instanceof_basic() {
        let src = r#"
            function Foo() {}
            var f = {};
            f instanceof Foo
        "#;
        // Plain object without prototype link → false
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_in_operator() {
        let src = r#"
            var o = { x: 1, y: 2 };
            var r1 = "x" in o;
            var r2 = "z" in o;
            r1 === true && r2 === false
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_delete_property() {
        let src = r#"
            var o = { x: 1, y: 2 };
            delete o.x;
            typeof o.x === "undefined" && o.y === 2
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_delete_computed_property() {
        let src = r#"
            var o = { a: 10, b: 20 };
            var key = "a";
            delete o[key];
            typeof o.a === "undefined" && o.b === 20
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_delete_non_configurable() {
        // Array length is non-configurable, delete should return false.
        let mut gc: Gc<HeapObject> = Gc::new();
        let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
        obj.properties.insert(
            "x".to_string(),
            Property {
                value: Value::Number(1.0),
                writable: true,
                enumerable: true,
                configurable: false,
            },
        );
        let obj_ref = gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));

        // Try to delete the non-configurable property.
        match gc.get_mut(obj_ref) {
            Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) => {
                let prop = data.properties.get("x").unwrap();
                assert!(!prop.configurable);
                // The property should still be there.
                assert!(data.properties.contains_key("x"));
            }
            _ => panic!("expected object"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_property_writable_flag() {
        // Setting a non-writable property should silently fail.
        let mut gc: Gc<HeapObject> = Gc::new();
        let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
        obj.properties.insert(
            "frozen".to_string(),
            Property {
                value: Value::Number(42.0),
                writable: false,
                enumerable: true,
                configurable: false,
            },
        );
        let obj_ref = gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));

        // Verify the property value.
        match gc.get(obj_ref) {
            Some(HeapObject::Object(data)) => {
                assert_eq!(
                    data.properties.get("frozen").unwrap().value.to_number(),
                    42.0
                );
            }
            _ => panic!("expected object"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_in_basic() {
        let src = r#"
            var o = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 };
            var sum = 0;
            for (var key in o) {
                sum = sum + o[key];
            }
            sum
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 6.0),
            v => panic!("expected 6, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_in_collects_keys() {
        let src = r#"
            var o = { x: 10, y: 20 };
            var keys = "";
            for (var k in o) {
                keys = keys + k + ",";
            }
            keys
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => {
                // Both keys should appear (order may vary with HashMap).
                assert!(s.contains("x,"));
                assert!(s.contains("y,"));
            }
            v => panic!("expected string, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_in_empty_object() {
        let src = r#"
            var o = {};
            var count = 0;
            for (var k in o) {
                count = count + 1;
            }
            count
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 0.0),
            v => panic!("expected 0, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_property_enumerable_flag() {
        // Array "length" is non-enumerable, should not appear in for-in.
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [10, 20, 30];
            var keys = "";
            for (var k in arr) {
                keys = keys + k + ",";
            }
            keys
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => {
                // "length" should NOT be in the keys (it's non-enumerable).
                assert!(!s.contains("length"));
                // Array indices should be present.
                assert!(s.contains("0,"));
                assert!(s.contains("1,"));
                assert!(s.contains("2,"));
            }
            v => panic!("expected string, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_object_reference_semantics() {
        // Objects have reference semantics (shared via GcRef).
        let src = r#"
            var a = { x: 1 };
            var b = a;
            b.x = 42;
            a.x
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gc_enumerate_keys_order() {
        // Integer keys should come first, sorted numerically.
        let mut gc: Gc<HeapObject> = Gc::new();
        let mut obj = ObjectData::new();
        obj.properties
            .insert("b".to_string(), Property::data(Value::Number(2.0)));
        obj.properties
            .insert("2".to_string(), Property::data(Value::Number(3.0)));
        obj.properties
            .insert("a".to_string(), Property::data(Value::Number(1.0)));
        obj.properties
            .insert("0".to_string(), Property::data(Value::Number(0.0)));
        let obj_ref = gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj));

        let keys = gc_enumerate_keys(&gc, obj_ref);
        // Integer keys first (sorted), then string keys.
        let int_part: Vec<&str> = keys.iter().take(2).map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
        assert_eq!(int_part, vec!["0", "2"]);
        // Remaining keys are string keys (order depends on HashMap iteration).
        let str_part: Vec<&str> = keys.iter().skip(2).map(|s| s.as_str()).collect();
        assert!(str_part.contains(&"a"));
        assert!(str_part.contains(&"b"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_instanceof_with_gc() {
        // Direct test of gc_instanceof.
        let mut gc: Gc<HeapObject> = Gc::new();

        // Create a constructor function with a .prototype object.
        let proto = gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(ObjectData::new()));
        let ctor = gc.alloc(HeapObject::Function(Box::new(FunctionData {
            name: "Foo".to_string(),
            kind: FunctionKind::Native(NativeFunc {
                callback: |_, _ctx| Ok(Value::Undefined),
            }),
            prototype_obj: Some(proto),
            properties: HashMap::new(),
            upvalues: Vec::new(),
        })));

        // Create an object whose [[Prototype]] is the constructor's .prototype.
        let mut obj_data = ObjectData::new();
        obj_data.prototype = Some(proto);
        let obj = gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(obj_data));

        assert!(gc_instanceof(&gc, obj, ctor));

        // An unrelated object should not match.
        let other = gc.alloc(HeapObject::Object(ObjectData::new()));
        assert!(!gc_instanceof(&gc, other, ctor));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_try_catch_basic() {
        // Simple try/catch should catch a thrown value.
        let src = r#"
            var caught = false;
            try { throw "err"; } catch (e) { caught = true; }
            caught
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(true) => {}
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_try_catch_nested_call() {
        // try/catch should catch errors thrown from called functions.
        let src = r#"
            function thrower() { throw "err"; }
            var caught = false;
            try { thrower(); } catch (e) { caught = true; }
            caught
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(true) => {}
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Closure tests ────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_closure_basic() {
        // Basic closure: inner function reads outer variable.
        let src = r#"
            function outer() {
                var x = 10;
                function inner() {
                    return x;
                }
                return inner();
            }
            outer()
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 10.0),
            v => panic!("expected 10, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_closure_return_function() {
        // Closure survives the outer function's return.
        let src = r#"
            function makeAdder(x) {
                return function(y) { return x + y; };
            }
            var add5 = makeAdder(5);
            add5(3)
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 8.0),
            v => panic!("expected 8, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_closure_mutation() {
        // Closures share live references — mutation is visible.
        let src = r#"
            function counter() {
                var n = 0;
                return function() { n = n + 1; return n; };
            }
            var c = counter();
            c();
            c();
            c()
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_closure_shared_variable() {
        // Two closures from the same scope share the same variable.
        let src = r#"
            function make() {
                var x = 0;
                function inc() { x = x + 1; }
                function get() { return x; }
                inc();
                inc();
                return get();
            }
            make()
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_closure_arrow() {
        // Arrow function captures outer variable.
        let src = r#"
            function outer() {
                var x = 42;
                var f = () => x;
                return f();
            }
            outer()
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_closure_nested() {
        // Transitive capture: grandchild function reads grandparent variable.
        let src = r#"
            function outer() {
                var x = 100;
                function middle() {
                    function inner() {
                        return x;
                    }
                    return inner();
                }
                return middle();
            }
            outer()
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 100.0),
            v => panic!("expected 100, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_closure_param_capture() {
        // Closure captures a function parameter.
        let src = r#"
            function multiply(factor) {
                return function(x) { return x * factor; };
            }
            var double = multiply(2);
            double(7)
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 14.0),
            v => panic!("expected 14, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── const tests ──────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_const_basic() {
        let src = "const x = 42; x";
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_const_reassignment_error() {
        let src = "const x = 1; x = 2;";
        let program = crate::parser::Parser::parse(src).expect("parse ok");
        let result = crate::compiler::compile(&program);
        assert!(
            result.is_err(),
            "const reassignment should be a compile error"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_const_missing_init_error() {
        let src = "const x;";
        let program = crate::parser::Parser::parse(src).expect("parse ok");
        let result = crate::compiler::compile(&program);
        assert!(
            result.is_err(),
            "const without initializer should be a compile error"
        );
    }

    // ── this binding tests ───────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_method_call_this() {
        let src = r#"
            var obj = {};
            obj.x = 10;
            obj.getX = function() { return this.x; };
            obj.getX()
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 10.0),
            v => panic!("expected 10, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Object built-in tests ────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_object_keys() {
        let src = r#"
            var obj = {};
            obj.a = 1;
            obj.b = 2;
            obj.c = 3;
            var k = Object.keys(obj);
            k.length
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_object_values() {
        let src = r#"
            var obj = {};
            obj.x = 10;
            var v = Object.values(obj);
            v[0]
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 10.0),
            v => panic!("expected 10, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_object_entries() {
        let src = r#"
            var obj = {};
            obj.x = 42;
            var e = Object.entries(obj);
            e[0][1]
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_object_assign() {
        let src = r#"
            var a = {};
            a.x = 1;
            var b = {};
            b.y = 2;
            var c = Object.assign(a, b);
            c.y
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_object_create() {
        let src = r#"
            var proto = {};
            proto.greet = "hello";
            var child = Object.create(proto);
            child.greet
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello"),
            v => panic!("expected 'hello', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_object_is() {
        let src = "Object.is(NaN, NaN)";
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_object_freeze() {
        let src = r#"
            var obj = {};
            obj.x = 1;
            Object.freeze(obj);
            Object.isFrozen(obj)
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_object_has_own_property() {
        let src = r#"
            var obj = {};
            obj.x = 1;
            obj.hasOwnProperty("x")
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Array built-in tests ─────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_array_push_pop() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3];
            arr.push(4);
            arr.pop()
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 4.0),
            v => panic!("expected 4, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_push_length() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [];
            arr.push(10);
            arr.push(20);
            arr.length
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_shift_unshift() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3];
            arr.unshift(0);
            arr.shift()
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 0.0),
            v => panic!("expected 0, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_index_of() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [10, 20, 30];
            arr.indexOf(20)
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 1.0),
            v => panic!("expected 1, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_includes() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3];
            arr.includes(2)
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_join() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3];
            arr.join("-")
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "1-2-3"),
            v => panic!("expected '1-2-3', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_slice() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
            var s = arr.slice(1, 3);
            s.length
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_concat() {
        let src = r#"
            var a = [1, 2];
            var b = [3, 4];
            var c = a.concat(b);
            c.length
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 4.0),
            v => panic!("expected 4, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_reverse() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3];
            arr.reverse();
            arr[0]
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_splice() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
            var removed = arr.splice(1, 2);
            removed.length
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_is_array() {
        let src = "Array.isArray([1, 2, 3])";
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_map() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3];
            var doubled = arr.map(function(x) { return x * 2; });
            doubled[1]
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 4.0),
            v => panic!("expected 4, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_filter() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
            var evens = arr.filter(function(x) { return x % 2 === 0; });
            evens.length
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_reduce() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];
            arr.reduce(function(acc, x) { return acc + x; }, 0)
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 10.0),
            v => panic!("expected 10, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_foreach() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3];
            var sum = 0;
            arr.forEach(function(x) { sum = sum + x; });
            sum
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 6.0),
            v => panic!("expected 6, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_find() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];
            arr.find(function(x) { return x > 2; })
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_find_index() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4];
            arr.findIndex(function(x) { return x > 2; })
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_some_every() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [2, 4, 6];
            var all_even = arr.every(function(x) { return x % 2 === 0; });
            var has_big = arr.some(function(x) { return x > 10; });
            all_even && !has_big
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_sort() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [3, 1, 2];
            arr.sort();
            arr[0]
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 1.0),
            v => panic!("expected 1, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_sort_custom() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [3, 1, 2];
            arr.sort(function(a, b) { return a - b; });
            arr[2]
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_from() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = Array.from("abc");
            arr.length
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_from_array() {
        let src = r#"
            var orig = [10, 20, 30];
            var copy = Array.from(orig);
            copy[2]
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 30.0),
            v => panic!("expected 30, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_flat() {
        let src = r#"
            var arr = [[1, 2], [3, 4]];
            var flat = arr.flat();
            flat.length
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 4.0),
            v => panic!("expected 4, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Error built-in tests ─────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_error_constructor() {
        let src = r#"
            var e = new Error("oops");
            e.message
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "oops"),
            v => panic!("expected 'oops', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_type_error_constructor() {
        let src = r#"
            var e = new TypeError("bad type");
            e.message
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "bad type"),
            v => panic!("expected 'bad type', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Global function tests ────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_int() {
        let src = "parseInt('42')";
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_int_hex() {
        let src = "parseInt('0xFF', 16)";
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 255.0),
            v => panic!("expected 255, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_nan() {
        let src = "isNaN(NaN)";
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_finite() {
        let src = "isFinite(42)";
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── String built-in tests ─────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_string_constructor() {
        match eval("String(42)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "42"),
            v => panic!("expected '42', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("String(true)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "true"),
            v => panic!("expected 'true', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("String()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, ""),
            v => panic!("expected '', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_length() {
        match eval("'hello'.length").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 5.0),
            v => panic!("expected 5, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_char_at() {
        match eval("'hello'.charAt(1)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "e"),
            v => panic!("expected 'e', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'hello'.charAt(10)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, ""),
            v => panic!("expected '', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_char_code_at() {
        match eval("'A'.charCodeAt(0)").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 65.0),
            v => panic!("expected 65, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_proto_concat() {
        match eval("'hello'.concat(' ', 'world')").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello world"),
            v => panic!("expected 'hello world', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_slice() {
        match eval("'hello world'.slice(6)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "world"),
            v => panic!("expected 'world', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'hello'.slice(1, 3)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "el"),
            v => panic!("expected 'el', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'hello'.slice(-3)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "llo"),
            v => panic!("expected 'llo', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_substring() {
        match eval("'hello'.substring(1, 3)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "el"),
            v => panic!("expected 'el', got {v:?}"),
        }
        // substring swaps args if start > end
        match eval("'hello'.substring(3, 1)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "el"),
            v => panic!("expected 'el', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_index_of() {
        match eval("'hello world'.indexOf('world')").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 6.0),
            v => panic!("expected 6, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'hello'.indexOf('xyz')").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, -1.0),
            v => panic!("expected -1, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_last_index_of() {
        match eval("'abcabc'.lastIndexOf('abc')").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_includes() {
        match eval("'hello world'.includes('world')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'hello'.includes('xyz')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_starts_ends_with() {
        match eval("'hello'.startsWith('hel')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'hello'.endsWith('llo')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_trim() {
        match eval("'  hello  '.trim()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello"),
            v => panic!("expected 'hello', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'  hello  '.trimStart()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello  "),
            v => panic!("expected 'hello  ', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'  hello  '.trimEnd()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "  hello"),
            v => panic!("expected '  hello', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_pad() {
        match eval("'5'.padStart(3, '0')").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "005"),
            v => panic!("expected '005', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'5'.padEnd(3, '0')").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "500"),
            v => panic!("expected '500', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_repeat() {
        match eval("'ab'.repeat(3)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "ababab"),
            v => panic!("expected 'ababab', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_split() {
        // split returns an array; verify length and elements.
        match eval("'a,b,c'.split(',').length").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'a,b,c'.split(',')[0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "a"),
            v => panic!("expected 'a', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'a,b,c'.split(',')[2]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "c"),
            v => panic!("expected 'c', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_replace() {
        match eval("'hello world'.replace('world', 'there')").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello there"),
            v => panic!("expected 'hello there', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_replace_all() {
        match eval("'aabbcc'.replaceAll('b', 'x')").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "aaxxcc"),
            v => panic!("expected 'aaxxcc', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_case() {
        match eval("'Hello'.toLowerCase()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello"),
            v => panic!("expected 'hello', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'Hello'.toUpperCase()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "HELLO"),
            v => panic!("expected 'HELLO', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_at() {
        match eval("'hello'.at(0)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "h"),
            v => panic!("expected 'h', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'hello'.at(-1)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "o"),
            v => panic!("expected 'o', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_from_char_code() {
        match eval("String.fromCharCode(72, 101, 108)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "Hel"),
            v => panic!("expected 'Hel', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_from_code_point() {
        match eval("String.fromCodePoint(65, 66, 67)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "ABC"),
            v => panic!("expected 'ABC', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Number built-in tests ─────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_number_constructor() {
        match eval("Number('42')").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Number(true)").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 1.0),
            v => panic!("expected 1, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Number()").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 0.0),
            v => panic!("expected 0, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_number_is_nan() {
        match eval("Number.isNaN(NaN)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Number.isNaN(42)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        // Number.isNaN doesn't coerce — string "NaN" is not NaN.
        match eval("Number.isNaN('NaN')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_number_is_finite() {
        match eval("Number.isFinite(42)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Number.isFinite(Infinity)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_number_is_integer() {
        match eval("Number.isInteger(42)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Number.isInteger(42.5)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_number_is_safe_integer() {
        match eval("Number.isSafeInteger(42)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Number.isSafeInteger(9007199254740992)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_number_constants() {
        match eval("Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 9007199254740991.0),
            v => panic!("expected MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Number.EPSILON").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, f64::EPSILON),
            v => panic!("expected EPSILON, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_number_to_fixed() {
        match eval("var n = 3.14159; n.toFixed(2)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "3.14"),
            v => panic!("expected '3.14', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_number_to_string_radix() {
        match eval("var n = 255; n.toString(16)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "ff"),
            v => panic!("expected 'ff', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var n = 10; n.toString(2)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "1010"),
            v => panic!("expected '1010', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_number_parse_int() {
        match eval("Number.parseInt('42')").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Boolean built-in tests ────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_boolean_constructor() {
        match eval("Boolean(1)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Boolean(0)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Boolean('')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Boolean('hello')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_boolean_to_string() {
        match eval("true.toString()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "true"),
            v => panic!("expected 'true', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("false.toString()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "false"),
            v => panic!("expected 'false', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Symbol built-in tests ─────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_symbol_uniqueness() {
        // Each Symbol() call should produce a unique value.
        match eval("var a = Symbol('x'); var b = Symbol('x'); a === b").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_symbol_well_known() {
        match eval("typeof Symbol.iterator").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "string"),
            v => panic!("expected 'string', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Symbol.iterator").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "@@iterator"),
            v => panic!("expected '@@iterator', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_symbol_for_and_key_for() {
        // "for" is a keyword, so use bracket notation: Symbol["for"](...).
        match eval("Symbol['for']('test') === Symbol['for']('test')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("Symbol.keyFor(Symbol['for']('mykey'))").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "mykey"),
            v => panic!("expected 'mykey', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Primitive auto-boxing tests ───────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_string_method_chaining() {
        match eval("'  Hello World  '.trim().toLowerCase()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello world"),
            v => panic!("expected 'hello world', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_substr() {
        match eval("'hello world'.substr(6, 5)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "world"),
            v => panic!("expected 'world', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Math built-in ─────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_math_constants() {
        let r = eval("Math.PI").unwrap();
        match r {
            Value::Number(n) => assert!((n - std::f64::consts::PI).abs() < 1e-10),
            _ => panic!("Expected number"),
        }
        let r = eval("Math.E").unwrap();
        match r {
            Value::Number(n) => assert!((n - std::f64::consts::E).abs() < 1e-10),
            _ => panic!("Expected number"),
        }
        let r = eval("Math.SQRT2").unwrap();
        match r {
            Value::Number(n) => assert!((n - std::f64::consts::SQRT_2).abs() < 1e-10),
            _ => panic!("Expected number"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_abs() {
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.abs(-5)").unwrap().to_number(), 5.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.abs(3)").unwrap().to_number(), 3.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.abs(0)").unwrap().to_number(), 0.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_floor_ceil_round_trunc() {
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.floor(4.7)").unwrap().to_number(), 4.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.ceil(4.2)").unwrap().to_number(), 5.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.round(4.5)").unwrap().to_number(), 5.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.round(4.4)").unwrap().to_number(), 4.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.trunc(4.7)").unwrap().to_number(), 4.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.trunc(-4.7)").unwrap().to_number(), -4.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_max_min() {
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.max(1, 3, 2)").unwrap().to_number(), 3.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.min(1, 3, 2)").unwrap().to_number(), 1.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.max()").unwrap().to_number(), f64::NEG_INFINITY);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.min()").unwrap().to_number(), f64::INFINITY);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_pow_sqrt() {
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.pow(2, 10)").unwrap().to_number(), 1024.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.sqrt(9)").unwrap().to_number(), 3.0);
        let cbrt = eval("Math.cbrt(27)").unwrap().to_number();
        assert!((cbrt - 3.0).abs() < 1e-10);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_trig() {
        let sin = eval("Math.sin(0)").unwrap().to_number();
        assert!(sin.abs() < 1e-10);
        let cos = eval("Math.cos(0)").unwrap().to_number();
        assert!((cos - 1.0).abs() < 1e-10);
        let atan2 = eval("Math.atan2(1, 1)").unwrap().to_number();
        assert!((atan2 - std::f64::consts::FRAC_PI_4).abs() < 1e-10);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_log_exp() {
        let exp = eval("Math.exp(1)").unwrap().to_number();
        assert!((exp - std::f64::consts::E).abs() < 1e-10);
        let log = eval("Math.log(Math.E)").unwrap().to_number();
        assert!((log - 1.0).abs() < 1e-10);
        let log2 = eval("Math.log2(8)").unwrap().to_number();
        assert!((log2 - 3.0).abs() < 1e-10);
        let log10 = eval("Math.log10(1000)").unwrap().to_number();
        assert!((log10 - 3.0).abs() < 1e-10);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_sign() {
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.sign(5)").unwrap().to_number(), 1.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.sign(-5)").unwrap().to_number(), -1.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.sign(0)").unwrap().to_number(), 0.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_clz32() {
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.clz32(1)").unwrap().to_number(), 31.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.clz32(0)").unwrap().to_number(), 32.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_imul() {
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.imul(3, 4)").unwrap().to_number(), 12.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.imul(0xffffffff, 5)").unwrap().to_number(), -5.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_hypot() {
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.hypot(3, 4)").unwrap().to_number(), 5.0);
        assert_eq!(eval("Math.hypot()").unwrap().to_number(), 0.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_random() {
        match eval("var r = Math.random(); r >= 0 && r < 1").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_math_fround() {
        let r = eval("Math.fround(5.5)").unwrap().to_number();
        assert_eq!(r, 5.5f32 as f64);
    }

    // ── Date built-in ─────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_date_now() {
        let r = eval("Date.now()").unwrap().to_number();
        assert!(r > 1_577_836_800_000.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date_utc() {
        let r = eval("Date.UTC(2020, 0, 1)").unwrap().to_number();
        assert_eq!(r, 1_577_836_800_000.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date_parse() {
        let r = eval("Date.parse('2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z')")
            .unwrap()
            .to_number();
        assert_eq!(r, 1_577_836_800_000.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date_constructor_ms() {
        let r = eval("var d = new Date(1577836800000); d.getFullYear()")
            .unwrap()
            .to_number();
        assert_eq!(r, 2020.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date_constructor_components() {
        let r = eval("var d = new Date(2020, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0); d.getTime()")
            .unwrap()
            .to_number();
        assert_eq!(r, 1_577_836_800_000.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date_getters() {
        let src = r#"
            var d = new Date(1577836800000);
            var results = [
                d.getFullYear(),
                d.getMonth(),
                d.getDate(),
                d.getHours(),
                d.getMinutes(),
                d.getSeconds(),
                d.getMilliseconds(),
                d.getDay()
            ];
            results[0] === 2020 && results[1] === 0 && results[2] === 1 &&
            results[3] === 0 && results[4] === 0 && results[5] === 0 &&
            results[6] === 0 && results[7] === 3
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date_setters() {
        let src = r#"
            var d = new Date(1577836800000);
            d.setFullYear(2025);
            d.getFullYear()
        "#;
        assert_eq!(eval(src).unwrap().to_number(), 2025.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date_to_iso_string() {
        match eval("var d = new Date(1577836800000); d.toISOString()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"),
            v => panic!("expected ISO string, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date_value_of() {
        let r = eval("var d = new Date(1577836800000); d.valueOf()")
            .unwrap()
            .to_number();
        assert_eq!(r, 1_577_836_800_000.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date_to_string() {
        let r = eval("var d = new Date(1577836800000); d.toString()").unwrap();
        match r {
            Value::String(s) => assert!(s.contains("2020") && s.contains("GMT")),
            _ => panic!("Expected string"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date_to_json() {
        match eval("var d = new Date(1577836800000); d.toJSON()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"),
            v => panic!("expected ISO string, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_date_constructor_string() {
        let r = eval("var d = new Date('2020-06-15T12:30:00Z'); d.getMonth()")
            .unwrap()
            .to_number();
        assert_eq!(r, 5.0);
    }

    // ── JSON built-in ─────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_json_parse_primitives() {
        assert!(matches!(eval("JSON.parse('null')").unwrap(), Value::Null));
        match eval("JSON.parse('true')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("JSON.parse('false')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        assert_eq!(eval("JSON.parse('42')").unwrap().to_number(), 42.0);
        match eval(r#"JSON.parse('"hello"')"#).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello"),
            v => panic!("expected 'hello', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_parse_array() {
        let src = r#"
            var a = JSON.parse('[1, 2, 3]');
            a.length === 3 && a[0] === 1 && a[1] === 2 && a[2] === 3
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_parse_object() {
        let src = r#"
            var o = JSON.parse('{"name":"test","value":42}');
            o.name === "test" && o.value === 42
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_parse_nested() {
        let src = r#"
            var o = JSON.parse('{"a":[1,{"b":2}]}');
            o.a[1].b === 2
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_parse_invalid() {
        assert!(eval("JSON.parse('{invalid}')").is_err());
        assert!(eval("JSON.parse('')").is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_stringify_primitives() {
        match eval("JSON.stringify(null)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "null"),
            v => panic!("expected 'null', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("JSON.stringify(true)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "true"),
            v => panic!("expected 'true', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("JSON.stringify(42)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "42"),
            v => panic!("expected '42', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval(r#"JSON.stringify("hello")"#).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "\"hello\""),
            v => panic!("expected quoted hello, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_stringify_array() {
        match eval("JSON.stringify([1, 2, 3])").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "[1,2,3]"),
            v => panic!("expected '[1,2,3]', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_stringify_object() {
        let src = r#"
            var o = {a: 1, b: "hello"};
            JSON.stringify(o)
        "#;
        let r = eval(src).unwrap();
        match r {
            Value::String(s) => {
                assert!(s.contains("\"a\"") && s.contains("\"b\""));
                assert!(s.contains('1') && s.contains("\"hello\""));
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected string"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_stringify_nested() {
        let src = r#"
            JSON.stringify({a: [1, 2], b: {c: 3}})
        "#;
        let r = eval(src).unwrap();
        match r {
            Value::String(s) => {
                assert!(s.contains("[1,2]"));
                assert!(s.contains("\"c\":3") || s.contains("\"c\": 3"));
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected string"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_stringify_special_values() {
        match eval("JSON.stringify(NaN)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "null"),
            v => panic!("expected 'null', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("JSON.stringify(Infinity)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "null"),
            v => panic!("expected 'null', got {v:?}"),
        }
        assert!(matches!(
            eval("JSON.stringify(undefined)").unwrap(),
            Value::Undefined
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_stringify_with_indent() {
        let src = r#"JSON.stringify([1, 2], null, 2)"#;
        let r = eval(src).unwrap();
        match r {
            Value::String(s) => {
                assert!(s.contains('\n'));
                assert!(s.contains("  1"));
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected string"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_parse_escape_sequences() {
        let src = r#"JSON.parse('"hello\\nworld"')"#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello\nworld"),
            v => panic!("expected escaped string, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_roundtrip() {
        let src = r#"
            var original = {name: "test", values: [1, 2, 3], nested: {ok: true}};
            var json = JSON.stringify(original);
            var parsed = JSON.parse(json);
            parsed.name === "test" && parsed.values[1] === 2 && parsed.nested.ok === true
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_stringify_circular_detection() {
        let src = r#"
            var obj = {};
            obj.self = obj;
            try {
                JSON.stringify(obj);
                false;
            } catch (e) {
                e.message.indexOf("circular") !== -1;
            }
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_parse_unicode_escape() {
        let src = r#"JSON.parse('"\\u0041"')"#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "A"),
            v => panic!("expected 'A', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_json_stringify_empty() {
        match eval("JSON.stringify([])").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "[]"),
            v => panic!("expected '[]', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("JSON.stringify({})").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "{}"),
            v => panic!("expected '{{}}', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── RegExp tests ────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_constructor() {
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('abc', 'g'); r.source").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "abc"),
            v => panic!("expected 'abc', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('abc', 'gi'); r.flags").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "gi"),
            v => panic!("expected 'gi', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('abc'); r.global").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('abc', 'g'); r.global").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_test() {
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('abc'); r.test('xabcx')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('abc'); r.test('xyz')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('\\\\d+'); r.test('abc123')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_exec() {
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('(a)(b)(c)'); var m = r.exec('abc'); m[0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "abc"),
            v => panic!("expected 'abc', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('(a)(b)(c)'); var m = r.exec('abc'); m[1]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "a"),
            v => panic!("expected 'a', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('b+'); var m = r.exec('aabbc'); m[0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "bb"),
            v => panic!("expected 'bb', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('xyz'); r.exec('abc')").unwrap() {
            Value::Null => {}
            v => panic!("expected null, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_exec_global() {
        let src = "var r = new RegExp('a', 'g'); r.exec('aba')[0]";
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "a"),
            v => panic!("expected 'a', got {v:?}"),
        }
        let src = r#"
            var r = new RegExp('a', 'g');
            r.exec('aba');
            var m = r.exec('aba');
            m[0] + ',' + m.index
        "#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "a,2"),
            v => panic!("expected 'a,2', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_to_string() {
        match eval("var r = new RegExp('abc', 'gi'); r.toString()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "/abc/gi"),
            v => panic!("expected '/abc/gi', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/hello\\d+/.toString()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "/hello\\d+/"),
            v => panic!("expected '/hello\\d+/', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_literal() {
        match eval("/abc/.test('abc')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/abc/.test('xyz')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/\\d+/.test('123')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/abc/i.test('ABC')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_literal_exec() {
        match eval("var m = /([a-z]+)(\\d+)/.exec('abc123'); m[0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "abc123"),
            v => panic!("expected 'abc123', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var m = /([a-z]+)(\\d+)/.exec('abc123'); m[1]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "abc"),
            v => panic!("expected 'abc', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var m = /([a-z]+)(\\d+)/.exec('abc123'); m[2]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "123"),
            v => panic!("expected '123', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_match_regexp() {
        match eval("'hello world'.match(/world/)[0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "world"),
            v => panic!("expected 'world', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'aaa'.match(/a/g).length").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'abc'.match(/xyz/)").unwrap() {
            Value::Null => {}
            v => panic!("expected null, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_search_regexp() {
        match eval("'hello world'.search(/world/)").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 6.0),
            v => panic!("expected 6, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'abc'.search(/xyz/)").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, -1.0),
            v => panic!("expected -1, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'abc123'.search(/\\d/)").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_replace_regexp() {
        match eval("'hello world'.replace(/world/, 'rust')").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "hello rust"),
            v => panic!("expected 'hello rust', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'aaa'.replace(/a/, 'b')").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "baa"),
            v => panic!("expected 'baa', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'aaa'.replace(/a/g, 'b')").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "bbb"),
            v => panic!("expected 'bbb', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_replace_capture_groups() {
        let src = r#"'John Smith'.replace(/(\w+) (\w+)/, '$2, $1')"#;
        match eval(src).unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "Smith, John"),
            v => panic!("expected 'Smith, John', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'abc'.replace(/(b)/, '[$1]')").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "a[b]c"),
            v => panic!("expected 'a[b]c', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_split_regexp() {
        match eval("'a1b2c3'.split(/\\d/).length").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 4.0),
            v => panic!("expected 4, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("'a1b2c3'.split(/\\d/)[0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "a"),
            v => panic!("expected 'a', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_ignore_case() {
        match eval("/abc/i.exec('XAbCx')[0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "AbC"),
            v => panic!("expected 'AbC', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_multiline() {
        match eval("/^b/m.test('a\\nb')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/^b/.test('a\\nb')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_dot_all() {
        match eval("/a.b/s.test('a\\nb')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/a.b/.test('a\\nb')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_word_boundary() {
        match eval("/\\bfoo\\b/.test('a foo b')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/\\bfoo\\b/.test('foobar')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_quantifiers_vm() {
        match eval("/a{3}/.test('aaa')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/a{3}/.test('aa')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/a+?/.exec('aaa')[0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "a"),
            v => panic!("expected 'a', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_alternation_vm() {
        match eval("/cat|dog/.exec('I have a dog')[0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "dog"),
            v => panic!("expected 'dog', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_lookahead_vm() {
        match eval("/a(?=b)/.test('ab')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/a(?=b)/.test('ac')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/a(?!b)/.test('ac')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_char_class_vm() {
        match eval("/[abc]/.test('b')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/[a-z]+/.exec('Hello')[0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "ello"),
            v => panic!("expected 'ello', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_backreference_vm() {
        match eval("/(a)\\1/.test('aa')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/(a)\\1/.test('ab')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_regexp_properties() {
        match eval("var r = /abc/gim; r.global").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("/abc/.lastIndex").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 0.0),
            v => panic!("expected 0, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_string_replace_all_regexp() {
        match eval("'aba'.replaceAll(/a/g, 'x')").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "xbx"),
            v => panic!("expected 'xbx', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Map tests ─────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_map_basic() {
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('a', 1); m.get('a')").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 1.0),
            v => panic!("expected 1, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_size() {
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('a', 1); m.set('b', 2); m.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_has() {
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('x', 10); m.has('x')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.has('x')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_delete() {
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('a', 1); m['delete']('a'); m.has('a')").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('a', 1); m['delete']('a'); m.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 0.0),
            v => panic!("expected 0, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_clear() {
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('a', 1); m.set('b', 2); m.clear(); m.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 0.0),
            v => panic!("expected 0, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_overwrite() {
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('a', 1); m.set('a', 2); m.get('a')").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
        // Size should still be 1 after overwriting.
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('a', 1); m.set('a', 2); m.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 1.0),
            v => panic!("expected 1, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_get_missing() {
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.get('missing')").unwrap() {
            Value::Undefined => {}
            v => panic!("expected undefined, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_chaining() {
        // set() returns the Map for chaining.
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('a', 1).set('b', 2); m.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_nan_key() {
        // NaN === NaN for Map keys (SameValueZero).
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set(NaN, 'nan'); m.get(NaN)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "nan"),
            v => panic!("expected 'nan', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_object_key() {
        match eval("var m = new Map(); var o = {}; m.set(o, 'val'); m.get(o)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "val"),
            v => panic!("expected 'val', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_constructor_with_pairs() {
        match eval("var m = new Map([['a', 1], ['b', 2]]); m.get('b')").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_keys_values_entries() {
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('a', 1); m.set('b', 2); m.keys().length").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('a', 1); m.set('b', 2); m.values()[1]").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('a', 1); m.entries()[0][0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "a"),
            v => panic!("expected 'a', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_map_insertion_order() {
        match eval("var m = new Map(); m.set('c', 3); m.set('a', 1); m.set('b', 2); m.keys()[0]")
            .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "c"),
            v => panic!("expected 'c', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Set tests ─────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_set_basic() {
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add(1); s.add(2); s.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_has() {
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add(42); s.has(42)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.has(42)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_delete() {
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add(1); s['delete'](1); s.has(1)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add(1); s['delete'](1); s.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 0.0),
            v => panic!("expected 0, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_clear() {
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add(1); s.add(2); s.clear(); s.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 0.0),
            v => panic!("expected 0, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_uniqueness() {
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add(1); s.add(1); s.add(1); s.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 1.0),
            v => panic!("expected 1, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_chaining() {
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add(1).add(2).add(3); s.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_nan() {
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add(NaN); s.add(NaN); s.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 1.0),
            v => panic!("expected 1, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add(NaN); s.has(NaN)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_constructor_from_array() {
        match eval("var s = new Set([1, 2, 3, 2, 1]); s.size").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_values() {
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add('a'); s.add('b'); s.values().length").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_entries() {
        // Set.entries() returns [value, value] pairs.
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add('x'); s.entries()[0][0]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "x"),
            v => panic!("expected 'x', got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add('x'); s.entries()[0][1]").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "x"),
            v => panic!("expected 'x', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_insertion_order() {
        match eval("var s = new Set(); s.add('c'); s.add('a'); s.add('b'); s.values()[0]").unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "c"),
            v => panic!("expected 'c', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── WeakMap tests ─────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_weakmap_basic() {
        match eval("var wm = new WeakMap(); var o = {}; wm.set(o, 'val'); wm.get(o)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "val"),
            v => panic!("expected 'val', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_weakmap_has_delete() {
        match eval("var wm = new WeakMap(); var o = {}; wm.set(o, 1); wm.has(o)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
        match eval("var wm = new WeakMap(); var o = {}; wm.set(o, 1); wm['delete'](o); wm.has(o)")
            .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_weakmap_rejects_primitive_key() {
        assert!(eval("var wm = new WeakMap(); wm.set('str', 1)").is_err());
        assert!(eval("var wm = new WeakMap(); wm.set(42, 1)").is_err());
    }

    // ── WeakSet tests ─────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_weakset_basic() {
        match eval("var ws = new WeakSet(); var o = {}; ws.add(o); ws.has(o)").unwrap() {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(b),
            v => panic!("expected true, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_weakset_delete() {
        match eval("var ws = new WeakSet(); var o = {}; ws.add(o); ws['delete'](o); ws.has(o)")
            .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Boolean(b) => assert!(!b),
            v => panic!("expected false, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_weakset_rejects_primitive() {
        assert!(eval("var ws = new WeakSet(); ws.add('str')").is_err());
        assert!(eval("var ws = new WeakSet(); ws.add(42)").is_err());
    }

    // ── Promise tests ────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_typeof() {
        match eval("typeof Promise").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "function"),
            v => panic!("expected 'function', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_static_resolve_exists() {
        match eval("typeof Promise.resolve").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "function"),
            v => panic!("expected 'function', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_resolve_returns_object() {
        match eval("typeof Promise.resolve(42)").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "object"),
            v => panic!("expected 'object', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_resolve_then_exists() {
        match eval("typeof Promise.resolve(42).then").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "function"),
            v => panic!("expected 'function', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    /// Helper: eval JS, then read an undeclared global set by callbacks.
    /// NOTE: Variables set inside closures MUST NOT be declared with `var`
    /// in the same scope that creates the closure, because the compiler
    /// would put them in Cells instead of globals.
    fn eval_global(source: &str, name: &str) -> Result<Value, RuntimeError> {
        let program = Parser::parse(source).expect("parse failed");
        let func = compiler::compile(&program).expect("compile failed");
        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        vm.execute(&func)?;
        Ok(vm.globals.get(name).cloned().unwrap_or(Value::Undefined))
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_resolve_then() {
        // Don't use `var result` — it would be captured. Use implicit global.
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.resolve(42).then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_reject_catch() {
        // Use bracket notation for catch (it's a keyword in the parser).
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.reject('err')['catch'](function(e) { result = e; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "err"),
            v => panic!("expected 'err', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_constructor_resolve() {
        match eval_global(
            "var p = Promise(function(resolve) { resolve(10); }); p.then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 10.0),
            v => panic!("expected 10, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_constructor_reject() {
        match eval_global(
            "var p = Promise(function(resolve, reject) { reject('fail'); }); p['catch'](function(e) { result = e; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "fail"),
            v => panic!("expected 'fail', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_executor_runs_synchronously() {
        // Executor runs synchronously. Use eval to check completion value.
        match eval("var x = 'before'; Promise(function(resolve) { x = 'during'; resolve(); }); x")
            .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "during"),
            v => panic!("expected 'during', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_then_chaining() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.resolve(1).then(function(v) { return v + 1; }).then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 2.0),
            v => panic!("expected 2, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_catch_returns_to_then() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.reject('err')['catch'](function(e) { return 'recovered'; }).then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "recovered"),
            v => panic!("expected 'recovered', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_then_error_goes_to_catch() {
        // When a then handler throws, the rejection reason is the thrown value
        // wrapped in an Error object by the VM. Check it's an object.
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.resolve(1).then(function(v) { throw 'oops'; })['catch'](function(e) { result = typeof e; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            // The thrown string gets wrapped in an error object by RuntimeError::to_value.
            Value::String(s) => assert!(
                s == "object" || s == "string",
                "expected 'object' or 'string', got '{s}'"
            ),
            v => panic!("expected string type, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_resolve_with_promise() {
        match eval_global(
            "var p = Promise.resolve(99); p.then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 99.0),
            v => panic!("expected 99, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_multiple_then() {
        match eval_global(
            "var p = Promise.resolve(5); p.then(function(v) { a = v; }); p.then(function(v) { b = v * 2; });",
            "a",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 5.0),
            v => panic!("expected 5, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_double_resolve_ignored() {
        match eval_global(
            "var p = Promise(function(resolve) { resolve(1); resolve(2); }); p.then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 1.0),
            v => panic!("expected 1, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_executor_throw_rejects() {
        match eval_global(
            "var p = Promise(function() { throw 'boom'; }); p['catch'](function(e) { result = e; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "boom"),
            v => panic!("expected 'boom', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_finally_fulfilled() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.resolve(42)['finally'](function() { result = 'done'; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "done"),
            v => panic!("expected 'done', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_finally_rejected() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.reject('err')['finally'](function() { result = 'done'; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "done"),
            v => panic!("expected 'done', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_all_empty() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.all([]).then(function(v) { result = v.length; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 0.0),
            v => panic!("expected 0, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_all_resolved() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.all([Promise.resolve(1), Promise.resolve(2), Promise.resolve(3)]).then(function(v) { result = v[0] + v[1] + v[2]; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 6.0),
            v => panic!("expected 6, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_all_rejects_on_first() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.all([Promise.resolve(1), Promise.reject('fail')])['catch'](function(e) { result = e; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "fail"),
            v => panic!("expected 'fail', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_race_first_wins() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.race([Promise.resolve('first'), Promise.resolve('second')]).then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "first"),
            v => panic!("expected 'first', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_race_reject_wins() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.race([Promise.reject('err')])['catch'](function(e) { result = e; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "err"),
            v => panic!("expected 'err', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_any_first_fulfilled() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.any([Promise.reject('a'), Promise.resolve('b')]).then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "b"),
            v => panic!("expected 'b', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_any_all_rejected() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.any([Promise.reject('a'), Promise.reject('b')])['catch'](function(e) { result = e; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(ref s) if s.contains("rejected") => {}
            v => panic!("expected AggregateError string, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_all_with_non_promises() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.all([1, 2, 3]).then(function(v) { result = v[0] + v[1] + v[2]; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 6.0),
            v => panic!("expected 6, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_race_with_non_promise() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.race([42]).then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_then_identity_passthrough() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.resolve(7).then().then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 7.0),
            v => panic!("expected 7, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_catch_passthrough() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.resolve(99)['catch'](function(e) { result = 'bad'; }).then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 99.0),
            v => panic!("expected 99, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_promise_all_settled() {
        match eval_global(
            "Promise.allSettled([Promise.resolve(1), Promise.reject('err')]).then(function(v) { result = v[0].status + ',' + v[1].status; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "fulfilled,rejected"),
            v => panic!("expected 'fulfilled,rejected', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Iterator and for...of tests ────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_for_of_array() {
        match eval(
            "var result = ''; var arr = [10, 20, 30]; for (var x of arr) { result = result + x + ','; } result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "10,20,30,"),
            v => panic!("expected '10,20,30,', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_of_string() {
        match eval("var result = ''; for (var ch of 'abc') { result = result + ch; } result")
            .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "abc"),
            v => panic!("expected 'abc', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_of_with_break() {
        match eval(
            "var result = 0; for (var x of [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) { if (x === 3) break; result = result + x; } result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_of_with_continue() {
        match eval(
            "var result = 0; for (var x of [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) { if (x === 3) continue; result = result + x; } result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 12.0),
            v => panic!("expected 12, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Generator tests ────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_generator_typeof() {
        // First test: does gen() return an object?
        match eval("function* gen() { yield 1; } typeof gen()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "object"),
            v => panic!("expected 'object', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_generator_has_next() {
        // Test: does the generator have a next method?
        match eval("function* gen() { yield 1; } var g = gen(); typeof g.next").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "function"),
            v => panic!("expected 'function', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_basic_generator() {
        match eval(
            "function* gen() { yield 1; yield 2; yield 3; }
             var g = gen();
             var a = g.next();
             a.value",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 1.0),
            v => panic!("expected 1, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_generator_multiple_yields() {
        match eval(
            "function* gen() { yield 10; yield 20; yield 30; }
             var g = gen();
             var r1 = g.next(); var r2 = g.next(); var r3 = g.next(); var r4 = g.next();
             '' + r1.value + ',' + r2.value + ',' + r3.value + ',' + r4.done",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "10,20,30,true"),
            v => panic!("expected '10,20,30,true', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_generator_send_value() {
        match eval(
            "function* gen() { var x = yield 'hello'; yield x + ' world'; }
             var g = gen();
             g.next();
             var r = g.next('beautiful');
             r.value",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "beautiful world"),
            v => panic!("expected 'beautiful world', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_generator_return() {
        match eval(
            "function* gen() { yield 1; yield 2; yield 3; }
             var g = gen();
             g.next();
             var r = g['return'](42);
             '' + r.value + ',' + r.done",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "42,true"),
            v => panic!("expected '42,true', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_generator_in_for_of() {
        match eval(
            "function* range(start, end) {
               for (var i = start; i < end; i = i + 1) { yield i; }
             }
             var result = 0;
             for (var n of range(1, 5)) { result = result + n; }
             result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 10.0),
            v => panic!("expected 10, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_generator_with_return_value() {
        match eval(
            "function* gen() { yield 1; return 'done'; }
             var g = gen();
             var a = g.next();
             var b = g.next();
             '' + a.value + ',' + a.done + ',' + b.value + ',' + b.done",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "1,false,done,true"),
            v => panic!("expected '1,false,done,true', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Destructuring tests ────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_array_destructuring_basic() {
        match eval("var [a, b, c] = [1, 2, 3]; a + b + c").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 6.0),
            v => panic!("expected 6, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_destructuring_rest() {
        match eval("var [first, ...rest] = [1, 2, 3, 4]; '' + first + ',' + rest.length").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "1,3"),
            v => panic!("expected '1,3', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_destructuring_default() {
        match eval("var [a = 10, b = 20] = [1]; '' + a + ',' + b").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "1,20"),
            v => panic!("expected '1,20', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_object_destructuring_basic() {
        match eval("var {x, y} = {x: 1, y: 2}; x + y").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 3.0),
            v => panic!("expected 3, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_object_destructuring_alias() {
        match eval("var {x: a, y: b} = {x: 10, y: 20}; a + b").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 30.0),
            v => panic!("expected 30, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_nested_destructuring() {
        match eval("var {a: {b}} = {a: {b: 42}}; b").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_destructuring_in_for_of() {
        match eval(
            "var result = 0; var pairs = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]; for (var [a, b] of pairs) { result = result + a + b; } result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 21.0),
            v => panic!("expected 21, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Spread tests ───────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_spread_in_array() {
        match eval("var a = [1, 2, 3]; var b = [0, ...a, 4]; b.length").unwrap() {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 5.0),
            v => panic!("expected 5, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_spread_in_array_values() {
        match eval(
            "var a = [1, 2, 3]; var b = [0, ...a, 4]; '' + b[0] + ',' + b[1] + ',' + b[2] + ',' + b[3] + ',' + b[4]",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "0,1,2,3,4"),
            v => panic!("expected '0,1,2,3,4', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Custom iterable tests ──────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_custom_iterable() {
        match eval(
            "var obj = {};
             obj['@@iterator'] = function() {
               var i = 0;
               return {
                 next: function() {
                   i = i + 1;
                   if (i <= 3) return {value: i, done: false};
                   return {value: undefined, done: true};
                 }
               };
             };
             var result = 0;
             for (var v of obj) { result = result + v; }
             result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 6.0),
            v => panic!("expected 6, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Array.from with iterables ──────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_array_keys_values_entries() {
        match eval(
            "var arr = [10, 20, 30]; var r = ''; for (var v of arr.values()) { r = r + v + ','; } r",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "10,20,30,"),
            v => panic!("expected '10,20,30,', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    // ── Async/await tests ────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn test_async_function_returns_promise() {
        match eval("async function f() { return 42; } typeof f()").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "object"),
            v => panic!("expected 'object', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_async_function_resolves_value() {
        match eval_global(
            "async function f() { return 42; } f().then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_await_resolved_promise() {
        match eval_global(
            "async function f() { var x = await Promise.resolve(10); return x + 5; }
             f().then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 15.0),
            v => panic!("expected 15, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_await_non_promise_value() {
        match eval_global(
            "async function f() { var x = await 7; return x * 3; }
             f().then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 21.0),
            v => panic!("expected 21, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_multiple_awaits_in_sequence() {
        match eval_global(
            "async function f() {
               var a = await Promise.resolve(1);
               var b = await Promise.resolve(2);
               var c = await Promise.resolve(3);
               return a + b + c;
             }
             f().then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 6.0),
            v => panic!("expected 6, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_await_rejected_promise_throws() {
        match eval_global(
            "async function f() {
               try { await Promise.reject('oops'); } catch(e) { return 'caught: ' + e; }
             }
             f().then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "caught: oops"),
            v => panic!("expected 'caught: oops', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_async_function_throw_rejects() {
        match eval_global(
            "async function f() { throw 'error!'; }
             f()['catch'](function(e) { result = 'got: ' + e; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "got: error!"),
            v => panic!("expected 'got: error!', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_async_function_expression() {
        match eval_global(
            "var f = async function() { var x = await Promise.resolve(99); return x; };
             f().then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 99.0),
            v => panic!("expected 99, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_async_function_expression_with_args() {
        match eval_global(
            "var f = async function(x) { return x * 2; };
             f(21).then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_async_arrow_function() {
        match eval_global(
            "var f = async x => { var y = await Promise.resolve(x); return y + 1; };
             f(10).then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 11.0),
            v => panic!("expected 11, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_async_arrow_concise_body() {
        match eval_global(
            "var f = async x => x * 3;
             f(7).then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 21.0),
            v => panic!("expected 21, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_await_chained_promises() {
        match eval_global(
            "async function f() {
               var p = Promise.resolve(5).then(function(v) { return v * 10; });
               return await p;
             }
             f().then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 50.0),
            v => panic!("expected 50, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_async_function_with_closure() {
        match eval_global(
            "function make() {
               var x = 100;
               return async function() { var y = await Promise.resolve(23); return x + y; };
             }
             make()().then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 123.0),
            v => panic!("expected 123, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_async_method_in_object() {
        match eval_global(
            "var obj = { async getValue() { return await Promise.resolve(42); } };
             obj.getValue().then(function(v) { result = v; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 42.0),
            v => panic!("expected 42, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_async_generator_basic() {
        match eval_global(
            "async function* gen() { yield 1; yield 2; yield 3; }
             var it = gen();
             it.next().then(function(r) { result = r.value; });",
            "result",
        )
        .unwrap()
        {
            Value::Number(n) => assert_eq!(n, 1.0),
            v => panic!("expected 1, got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_await_of_parsing() {
        let prog =
            crate::parser::Parser::parse("async function f() { for await (let x of iter) { } }");
        assert!(prog.is_ok());
    }

    // ── Console API tests ─────────────────────────────────────

    use std::cell::RefCell;
    use std::rc::Rc;

    /// A console output sink that captures messages for testing.
    struct CapturedConsole {
        log_messages: RefCell<Vec<String>>,
        error_messages: RefCell<Vec<String>>,
        warn_messages: RefCell<Vec<String>>,
    }

    impl CapturedConsole {
        fn new() -> Self {
            Self {
                log_messages: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
                error_messages: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
                warn_messages: RefCell::new(Vec::new()),
            }
        }
    }

    impl ConsoleOutput for CapturedConsole {
        fn log(&self, message: &str) {
            self.log_messages.borrow_mut().push(message.to_string());
        }
        fn error(&self, message: &str) {
            self.error_messages.borrow_mut().push(message.to_string());
        }
        fn warn(&self, message: &str) {
            self.warn_messages.borrow_mut().push(message.to_string());
        }
    }

    /// Helper: compile and execute JS, capturing console output.
    fn eval_with_console(source: &str) -> (Result<Value, RuntimeError>, Rc<CapturedConsole>) {
        let console = Rc::new(CapturedConsole::new());
        let program = Parser::parse(source).expect("parse failed");
        let func = compiler::compile(&program).expect("compile failed");
        let mut vm = Vm::new();
        vm.set_console_output(Box::new(RcConsole(console.clone())));
        let result = vm.execute(&func);
        (result, console)
    }

    /// Wrapper to use Rc<CapturedConsole> as Box<dyn ConsoleOutput>.
    struct RcConsole(Rc<CapturedConsole>);

    impl ConsoleOutput for RcConsole {
        fn log(&self, message: &str) {
            self.0.log(message);
        }
        fn error(&self, message: &str) {
            self.0.error(message);
        }
        fn warn(&self, message: &str) {
            self.0.warn(message);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_log_string() {
        let (result, console) = eval_with_console("console.log('hello')");
        assert!(result.is_ok());
        assert!(matches!(result.unwrap(), Value::Undefined));
        let logs = console.log_messages.borrow();
        assert_eq!(logs.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(logs[0], "hello");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_log_multiple_args() {
        let (_, console) = eval_with_console("console.log('a', 1, true)");
        let logs = console.log_messages.borrow();
        assert_eq!(logs[0], "a 1 true");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_error_to_error_channel() {
        let (_, console) = eval_with_console("console.error('oops')");
        assert!(console.log_messages.borrow().is_empty());
        let errors = console.error_messages.borrow();
        assert_eq!(errors.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(errors[0], "oops");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_warn_to_warn_channel() {
        let (_, console) = eval_with_console("console.warn('warning')");
        assert!(console.log_messages.borrow().is_empty());
        let warns = console.warn_messages.borrow();
        assert_eq!(warns.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(warns[0], "warning");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_info_aliases_log() {
        let (_, console) = eval_with_console("console.info('info msg')");
        let logs = console.log_messages.borrow();
        assert_eq!(logs.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(logs[0], "info msg");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_debug_aliases_log() {
        let (_, console) = eval_with_console("console.debug('debug msg')");
        let logs = console.log_messages.borrow();
        assert_eq!(logs.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(logs[0], "debug msg");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_log_returns_undefined() {
        let result = eval("console.log('test')").unwrap();
        assert!(matches!(result, Value::Undefined));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_log_no_args() {
        let (_, console) = eval_with_console("console.log()");
        let logs = console.log_messages.borrow();
        assert_eq!(logs.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(logs[0], "");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_log_primitives() {
        let (_, console) = eval_with_console(
            "console.log(undefined); console.log(null); console.log(42); console.log(true);",
        );
        let logs = console.log_messages.borrow();
        assert_eq!(logs.len(), 4);
        assert_eq!(logs[0], "undefined");
        assert_eq!(logs[1], "null");
        assert_eq!(logs[2], "42");
        assert_eq!(logs[3], "true");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_log_array() {
        let (_, console) = eval_with_console("console.log([1, 2, 3])");
        let logs = console.log_messages.borrow();
        assert_eq!(logs[0], "[ 1, 2, 3 ]");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_log_object() {
        let (_, console) = eval_with_console("console.log({x: 1})");
        let logs = console.log_messages.borrow();
        assert_eq!(logs[0], "{ x: 1 }");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_typeof() {
        match eval("typeof console.log").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "function"),
            v => panic!("expected 'function', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_is_object() {
        match eval("typeof console").unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "object"),
            v => panic!("expected 'object', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_console_never_throws() {
        let result = eval("console.log({x: 1}); console.log([1,2]); console.log(undefined); 'ok'");
        assert!(result.is_ok());
        match result.unwrap() {
            Value::String(s) => assert_eq!(s, "ok"),
            v => panic!("expected 'ok', got {v:?}"),
        }
    }
}